SFES2213: LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING Lecture 12

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SFES2213 LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKINGLecture
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• Department of Science and Technology Studies,
  Faculty of Science, University of Malaya

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Summary and revision of the course
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• 5 common patterns of deductive reasoning
• Hypothetical Syllogism
• Categorical Syllogism
• Argument by Elimination
• Argument Based on Mathematics
• Argument from Definition
• Note Definition of above.

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• 5 types of hypothetical syllogism
• Modus ponens (logically reliable)
• Chain Argument (logically reliable)
• Modus tollens (logically reliable)
• Denying the antecedent (not logically reliable)
• Affirming the consequent (not logically reliable)
• Note determine the pattern of each argument!

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• INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT(COMMON PATTERNS)
• Inductive generalization
• Predictive argument
• Argument from authority
• Causal argument
• Statistical argument
• Argument from analogy
• Note Definition and pattern of above.

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• DEDUCTIVE VALIDITY

• Standard from categorical statements-
• All S are P.
• No S are P.
• Some S are P.
• Some S are not P.
• Note Remember the tips on how to translate
  normal everyday language to standard categorical
  statements!

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• COMMON STYLISTIC VARIANTS
• 1) All S are P
• Every S is a P.
• Whoever is an S is a P.
• Whatever is an S is a P.
• If anything is an S, then it is a P.
• If something is not a P, then it is not an S.
• Any S is a P.
• Each S is a P.
• S are all P.
• Only P are S.
• Only if something is a P is it an S.
• The only S are P.
• Something is an S only if it is a P.

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• 2) No S are P.
• No P are S.
• S are not P.
• Nothing that is an S is a P.
• No one who is an S is a P.
• None of the S is a P.
• Not a single S is P.
• If anything is an S, then it is not a P.
• All S are non-P

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• 3) Some S are P
• Some P are S.
• A few S are P.
• There are S that are P.
• Several S are P.
• Many S are P.
• Most S are P.
• Nearly all S are P.

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• 4) Some S are not P
• Not all S are P.
• Not everyone who is an S is a P.
• S are not always P.
• Some S are non-P.
• There are S that are not P.
• A few S are not P.
• Several S are not P
• Most S are not P.
• Nearly all S are not P.

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• Using Venn Diagram to test the validity of
  standard categorical syllogism.
• Translate, then test.

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• FALLACIES
• Fallacies of relevance (Logical Fallacies I)
  are mistakes in reasoning that occur because the
  premises are logically irrelevant to the
  conclusion.
• Fallacies of insufficient evidence (Logical
  Fallacies II) are mistakes in reasoning that
  occur because the premises, though logically
  relevant to the conclusion, fail to provide
  sufficient evidence to support the conclusion

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• Fallacies of Relevance 7 types
• Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence 7 types
• Remember the definition and pattern of fallacies!

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• THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT THE MEDIA
• Medium Advertisement
• 10 Common Advertising Ploys
• Note Remember the pattern of the ploys and
  examples.

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• SCIENCE AND PSUEDOSCIENCE
• Characteristics of a pseudoscience.
• Note How can you distinguish pseudoscience from
  science?

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• Thank you.
• Any question(s)??
• Announcement Please get a copy of notes on Venn
  Diagram at ST computer lab, Level 1.
• ALL THE BEST!

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References
Bassham, Irwin, et. al. Critical Thinking A
Students Introduction. 3rd edition. New York
McGraw-Hill, 2008.
Jones, Royce. Foundations of Critical Thinking.
New York Harcourt, Inc., 2001.
Macer, Darryl. Moral Games for Teaching
Bioethics.Haifa UNESCO Chair in Bioethics, 2008.