The Skeletal System

1
The Skeletal System

• Chapter 7
• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072919329/s
  tudent_view0/

2
Overview of Chapter 7(Part I)

• Topic Pgs.
• Bone Structure/Classification 193-194
• Compact vs. Spongy Bone 195
• Growth, Development, Homeostatsis 195-201
• Function of Bone Fractures 202-203
• Organization of the Skeleton 205-208 (axial
  and appendicular)
• ----------------------------Quiz------------------
  --------------------

3
Overview of Chapter 7(Part II)

• Topic Pgs.
• Cranium (skull) 209-218
• Vertebral Column (backbones) 219-224
• Thoracic Cage 225-228
• Upper Limbs Shoulder 229-232
• Pelvic Bones 233-236
• Lower Limbs Hip 236-241
• --------------------------------------------------
  ---------------------
• Practicum on entire Skeleton
• Written Test

4
Introductory Questions 1

1. Name the region where some of the oldest known
   human skeletons have been found? How many
   skulls were found. What other organisms were
   found in the fossil bed?
2. How are bones classified? Name these groups and
   give an example of a bone that belongs to each
   group.
3. How does the epiphysis differ from the diaphysis?
4. What is the periosteum composed of and where is
   it located? What is this structure usually for?
5. What is the difference between compact bone and
   spongy bone?

5
Classification of Bones (pg. 194)
6
Microscopic View of Bone

• Structures/Features to note
• Endosteum
• Osteonic canal (runs up down) Haversian canal
• Perforating canal (runs across) Volkmanns canal
• Canaliculus
• Lacuna (space)
• Trabeculae (spongy bone)
• Osteon
• Periosteum

7
Internal Anatomy of a Long Bone
Pg. 194
8
Introductory Questions 2

• What is the range of terms (prefixes) for this
  week? Write the 1st and 20th term that we need
  to know for the week.
• What is the main function of Bone?
• How is a Haversian Canal different from a Volkman
  canal?
• Give (2) differences between endochondral bone
  growth and Intramembranous bone growth.
• (See table 7.1 on pg 192)
• 5) How are osteoclasts different from
  osteoblasts?

9
Compact Bone vs. Spongy Bone
Pg. 190
10
Haversion Volkmann Canals
11
Function of Bone

• Shape, support, and protect body structures
• Houses tissue and produces important blood cells
  Erythrocytes and Leukocytes
• RBC produced in spongy Bone (Hematopoiesis)
• Stores inorganic salts
• Stores Fat (yellow bone marrow)
• Acts as levers (3 classes)

12
Two Ways that Bone Develops

• Intramembranous sheet-like layers of connective
  tissue is replaced by bone
• Fetal development Skull Bones
• Endochondral hyaline cartilage is replaced by
  bone
• Most of our bones develop this way
• Involves ossification centers Epiphyseal growth
  areas

13
Intramembranous Bone Growth (Pg. 197)

• Begins as layers of connective tissue
• Connective tissue ? Osteoblasts
• (differentiates)
• Osteoblasts ? Osteocytes
• Osteocytes ? Spongy bone Compact Bone
• Common sites Skull (cranial) bones

14
Intra-Membranous Growth in Fetal Skeleton
Pg. 197
15
Endochondral Bone Growth (pg. 198)

• Most Bones of Skeleton from this way
• Forms from masses of hyaline cartilage
• Long Bones have ossification centers
• -Primary center of the diaphysis
• -Secondary in the epiphyses
• Epiphyseal disk band of cartilage (4 layers of
  cells) between the primary and secondary
  ossification centers (see fig. 9 on pg. 199)

16
Endochondral Bone Growth
17
Endochondral Bone Growth
Pg. 199
18
High Magnification of Epiphyseal Plate (pg. 199)
19
Osteon Development for Bone Thickening
20
Composition of Bone (pg. 204)

• Inorganic Material 67
• Calcium 39
• Phosphate 17
• Carbonate 9
• Na, Mg, K 2
• Organic Material 33
• Collagen 29
• Proteoglycan 2
• Lipids, Peptides 2
• Proteins

21
Deficiencies in Organic and Inorganic Substances

• Lack of Inorganic salts
• Bones become Flexible or Rubbery
• Lack of Organic Material
• Bones become Brittle and Weak

22
Factors Influencing Bone Development

• Vitamin D Helps the body to absorb calcium
• Uncommon in natural foods
• Deficiencies cause rickets osteomalacia
• Vitamin A Helps to Reabsorb bone during
  Development
• Stimulates Osteoclast activity
• Vitamin C Helps collagen to be synthesize
• Bones can become too slender and fragile
• Growth Hormone Stimulates chondrocytes to ossify
  at the epiphyseal disks

23
Other Factors that Influence Bone Growth (pg. 201)

• Thyroid hormones replaces cartilage in the
  epiphyseal disks
• Male Female sex hormones promotes bone tissue
  to grow (ossification). Estrogen seems to have a
  stronger effect compared to androgens.
• Physical stress Movement causes hypertrophy or
  thickening of bone tissue vs. a lack of exercise
  that causes atrophy.

24
Video How a Bone Heals Itself

• Breaking Down
• Write 15 Key Numbered Statements from the video

25
Introductory Questions 3

• 1) List (3) factors that can affect bone
  growth. (pgs. 194-196).
• 2) What causes rickets to occur? Name some of
  the symptoms observed with individuals suffering
  from rickets. Read about the unusual form of
  rickets on pg. 195 and name three major problems
  the two sisters faced. Why was this form of
  rickets unusual?
• 3) List the six major types of fractures. Which
  one do you think is the most difficult to fix or
  set?
• 4) Name the four parts of a lever system. How
  does a second class lever differ from a 3rd class
  lever? Draw these two types of levers. (see pg.
  200)
• How many total bones make up the skull from the
  206 total bones?
• Describe and explain what Acromegaly is.
• Look at pg. 202 fig. 7.15 and name the two
  hormones released by the thyroid gland and
  parathyroid gland that regulates the resorption
  and deposition of bone tissue by the osteoblasts
  and osteoclasts.

26
Homeostasis of Bone Tissue

• Involves two types of cells
• Osteoblasts replaces, deposits bone tissue
• Osteoclasts breaks down bone tissue by secreting
  an acid.
• Remodels the bone throughout life
• Opposing forces (resorption deposition)
• Maintains a constant mass
• 3 to 5 of bone calcium is replaced yearly

27
Common Fractures of Bones

• Greenstick
• Fissured
• Communited
• Transverse
• Oblique
• Spiral
• (See Pages 198 199)

28
Pg. 198
29
Repair Healing of Fractures

• Blood vessels are broke Hematoma Develops
• Osteoblasts invade the area
• New blood vessels form
• Spongy Bone begins to develop
• Granulation tissue develops (fibrocartilage
  forms)
• WBCs remove blood clots, dead damaged cells
• Bony callus replaces Fibrocartilage bone fills
  the area
• Osteoclasts remove excess bone-restoring bone
  shape

30
Fracture Repair of Bone (Part 1)
31
Fracture Repair of Bone (Part 2)
32
Key Factors that Affect Bone Growth Development

• Diet Minerals, salts, protein
• Vitamins A, D, C
• Hormones Growth, Estrogen, Testosterone
• Thyroid Parathyroid gland (feedback system)-pg.
  202
• Low calcium causes parathyroid to release its
  hormones increasing activity of the osteoclasts
  to resorb (break down bone)
• High calcium causes thyroid gland to release
  calcitonin increasing activity of the osteoblasts
  to deposit bone.
• Physical Exercise

33
Ossification Timetable (Pg. 194)

• 3rd month (prenatal) Long bones
• 4th month (prenatal) 1? Ossification centers
  appear
• (Diaphyses)
• Birth - 5 yrs 2 ? Ossification centers appear
• (Epiphyses)
• 5 12 yrs Many bones are ossifying
• 17 20 yrs Upper limbs Scapulae ossify
• 18 23 yrs Lower limbs coxal bones ossify
• 23 25 yrs Sternum, Clavicles, and vertebrae
  ossify
• 25 yrs beyond Nearly all bones have completely
  ossified

34
Bones as Levers
35
Bones as First Third Class Levers
36
Examples of the Three Classes of Levers
37
Levers Systems in the Upper Arm
38
Topics Discussed to Far (Review)

• Classification of Bone - according to (4) shapes
• Spongy Bone vs Compact Bone
• Key Terms
• -Endosteum -Osteonic canal (runs up down)
• -Canaliculus -Perforating canal (runs across)
• -Lacuna (space) -Trabeculae (spongy bone)
• -Osteon -Periosteum
• -Diaphysis -Epiphysis
• -Medullary Canal
• Endochondral vs. Intramembranous Bone Growth
• Composition of Bone Inorganic (67) Organic
  (33)
• -Calcium Phosphorus (56) and Collagen (29)
• Six major fractures how fractures repair
  themselves (2 cell types)
• Factors that affect bone growth (vitamins,
  hormones, physical activity)
• Bones acting as Levers (three classes)-Pg. 200
• Key terms to describe skeletal structures (pg.
  206)

39
Introductory Questions 3

• 1) List (3) factors that can affect bone
  growth. (pgs. 194-196).
• 2) What causes rickets to occur? Name some of
  the symptoms observed with individuals suffering
  from rickets. Read about the unusual form of
  rickets on pg. 195 and name three major problems
  the two sisters faced. Why was this form of
  rickets unusual?
• 2) List the six major types of fractures.
  Which one do you think is the most difficult to
  fix or set?
• 3) Name the four parts of a lever system. How
  does a second class lever differ from a 3rd class
  lever? Draw these two types of levers. (see pg.
  200)
• How many total bones make up the skull from the
  206 total bones?
• Describe and explain what Acromegaly is.
• Look at pg. 202 fig. 7.15 and name the two
  hormones released by the thyroid gland and
  parathyroid gland that regulates the resorption
  and deposition of bone tissue by the osteoblasts
  and osteoclasts.

40
Introductory Questions 4

• 1) Using the table on Pg 206, define each of the
  following skeletal structures
• condyle foramen fossa
• fovea meatus facet
• ramus sinus suture
• tuberosity linea fontanel

41
Underside View of the Skull
42
The Atlas (C-1) Axis (C-2)
43
The Scapulae
44
The Humerus
45
Radius and Ulna
46
Femur, Tibia, and Fibula
47
Axial vs. Appendicular

• Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Hyoid Bone
• Vertebral Column
• Thorax
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral Girdle (shoulder)
• Upper Limbs
• Pelvic Girdle
• Lower Limbs
• http//www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?ob
  jidAP13404

48
Bones of the Skull (Axial)http//www.charletta.co
m/skullbase3d.swf

• Cranial Facial Miscellaneous
• Frontal Maxilla (2) Mandible
• Parietal (2) Palatine (2) Ossicles
  (6)
• Occipital Zygomatic (2) malleus
• Temporal (2) Lacrimal (2)
  incus
• Sphenoid Nasal (2) stapes
• Ethmoid Vomer Hyoid
• Inferior Nasal Concha (2)
• ________ _______________________
  __________
• 8 13 8
• Total Bones Identified 29

49
Sutures of the Skull

• Lambdoidal Parietal Occipital Bones
• Squamosal Parietal Temporal Bones
• Coronal Frontal Parietal Bones
• Sphenosquamosal
• Sphenofrontal
• Parietomastoid
• Nasomaxillilary
• Zygomaticomaxillary

50
Suture Lines of the Skull
51
Key Bones with Many Features

• Temporal Bone
• external auditory meatus mandibular fossa
• mastoid process styloid process
• carotid canal jugular foramen
• Occipital Bone
• foramen magnum occipital condyles
• Sphenoid Bone
• sella turcica sphenoidal sinus
• optic canal foramen rotundum
• foramen ovale foramen spinosum
• foramen lacerum

52
Key Bones with Many Features

• Mandible
• mental foramen mandibular foramen
• coronoid process mandibular condyle
• ramus

53
Introductory Questions 5

• 1) Match the following
• Foramen A. a cleft or groove
• Tuberacle B. a rounded process-articulates in
  a joint
• Facet C. an opening for blood vessels
  nerves
• Condyle D. a tiny pit or depression
• Fovea E. a small, knoblike process
• Fissure F. small, nearly flat surface
• 2) How many bones are found in the human skull?
  How many are facial bones? How many form the
  cranium?
• 3) Which facial bone is considered to be the
  keystone of the face?
• 4) How many sutures are there? Name them.
• 5) Which bone has the styloid process, a mastoid
  process, and a mandibular fossa?
• Which bone has a coronoid process and a mental
  foramen?
• 6) The cheek bone is composed of two bones. Name
  these two bones.
• 7) What function does the hyoid bone serve?

54
Frontal View of Skull
55
Top View Looking into the Skull
56
Underside View of the Skull
57
Sagittal View Looking at the Side
58
Coronal Cut Looking at Anterior Surface of the
Face
59
Underside View of the Skull
60
Introductory Questions 6

• How does the axial skeleton differ from the
  appendicular skeleton?
• Which class of lever is Fulcrum Effort -
  Resistance
• Match each feature with the correct bone on the
  right.
• Coronoid process A. Temporal
• Supraorbital foramen B. Sphenoid
• Foramen magnum C. Frontal
• Mandibular fossa D. Mandible
• Sella turcica E. Ethmoid
• Cribriform plates F. Occipital
• 4) Name the suture line that borders the edges of
  the parietal and occipital bones.

61
Lab Activity-Exploration of the Skull

• Locate and Identify each feature and which bones
  they are found in or associated with (2 bones
  per Quest)
• Mental foramen Foramen Spinosum
• b. Supraorbital foramen Foramen Lacerum
• c. External auditory meatus Carotid canal
• d. Sella turcica Jugular foramen
• Styloid process Optic canal
• Mental foramen Foramen ovale
• Magnum foramen Cribiform plate
• Mandibular fossa Coronoid process

62
Introductory Questions 7

• Which of the following bone(s) do not have right
  and left aspects?
• temporal maxilla inferior nasal
  concha
• vomer sphenoid parietal
• lacrimal malleus ethmoid
• Palatine hyoid occipital
• 2) Which is the only movable bone in the
  face?
• Which bone in the skull has the most passageways
  running through it? Name this bone and all of
  the passageways.
• Match each fontanel with the correct time it
  closes
• Mastoid A. middle or end of the second year
• Frontal (metoptic) B. 2 months after birth
• Sphenoid C. 3 months after birth
• Anterior D. end of the first year
• Posterior E. before the sixth year can
  remain open

63
Infantile Skull Fontanel Closing

• Posterior 2 months after birth
• Sphenoid 3 months after birth
• Mastoid end of the first year
• Anterior Middle or end of the second year
• Frontal before the sixth year can remain open
• (metoptic)

64
Infant Skull Features (Top View)
65
Side View of Infant Skull
66
(No Transcript)
67
Infantile Skull Fontanel Closing

• Posterior 2 months after birth
• Sphenoid 3 months after birth
• Mastoid end of the first year
• Anterior Middle or end of the second year
• Frontal before the sixth year can remain open
• (metoptic)

68
Introductory Questions 8

1. Name the 1st and 20th term for this weeks vocab.
   quiz
2. Name the tissue that separates each vertebral
   bone in the spine.
3. Give three basic functions of the spine.
4. Out of the 33 bones found in an infants vertebral
   column, how many fuse to form the sacrum and
   coccyx? When the child becomes an adult, they
   will have bones in their vertebral column.
5. Name the four basic curvatures of the vertebral
   column.
6. Which section contains the most vertebral bones?
   How many are there?
7. How does the Atlas differ from the Axis? Which
   one is C1?

69
Bones of the Vertebral Column

• Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx
• 7 12 5 1 1
• C-1 Atlas
• C-2 Axis
• 5 others
• Total Bones in Vertebral Column 26
• Bone Talley Skull 29
• Spine 26
• Total 55

70
Key Structures on the Vertebral Bones

• Body
• Transverse Process
• Pedicles
• Facets
• Spinous process
• Articulating Facets

71
Features of a Typical of a Vertebral Bone
72
The Atlas (C-1) Axis (C-2)
73
The Sacrum (5 fused bones) Coccyx (4 fused
bones)
74
Key Structures of the Sacrum

• Median Sacral Crest (posterior view)
• Sacral Promontory (1st sacral vertebra)
• Sacral Canal
• Pelvic Sacral Foramina (8)
• Auricular surface (Sacroiliac joint-articulates
  with the coxal bones in the pelvis)
• Sacral Hiatus (The last sacral vertebra is not
  fused.)

75
The Thoracic Cage

• Sternum Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid Process
• Total of 12 pairs of ribs 24 ribs (True
  False ribs)
• True Ribs First 7 pairs of ribs are attached to
  the sternum
• False Ribs 5 pairs that are not attached to the
  sternum
• Floating Ribs also called vertebral ribs
• - last one to three pairs of ribs has one end
  not attached
• Structures of a Typical rib
• -Shaft (slopes downward)
• -Head (posterior end)
• -Neck
• -Tubercle (articulates with the transverse
  process of thoracic vertebra)
• Costal Cartilage hyaline located with ribs
  sternum

76
Articulation of the Ribs with a Thoracic Vertebrae
77
Introductory Questions 9

• Identify the first and 20th term for your weekly
  vocabulary quiz. (Quiz 16)
• Give the number of foramens that are present in
  the sacrum. What goes through these openings?
• 3) How many total ribs do humans have? How
  many are true ribs and how many are false ribs?
• 4) How is a true rib different from a false
  rib?
• 5) Name the three parts that make up the
  sternum.
• 6) Draw/sketch the sternum and a rib. Label
  the three parts of the sternum and key features
  on both ends of the rib.

78
The Vertebral Column
79
Three Types of Vertebrae
80
Thoracic Cage
81
The Pectoral Girdle
82
The Pectoral Girdle

• Composed of four bones
• -two clavicles two scapulae
• Incomplete ring (open in the back)
• Supports the upper limbs
• Many attachment sites for muscles
• Complex joint (shoulder)

83
The Clavicle

• Slender S shaped bone
• Articulates with the sternum (manubrium) the
  scapulae (acromial ends)
• Structurally weak-breaks easily
• Determining left right locate the conoid
  tubercle and costal tuberosity which shouyld be
  facing down.

84
Introductory Questions 10

• 1) Name the main parts of the pectoral girdle.
• 2) Name the two bones that articulates with both
  ends of the clavicle.
• 3) Why is the clavicle a bone that commonly
  breaks?
• 4) Describe the scapulae and make a drawing of it
  with all of its structural features.
• 5) Indicate if the following features are distal
  or proximal
• -capitulum -greater/lesser tubercle
• -intertubercular groove -coronoid fossa
• 6) Indicate if the feature can be seen on the
  posterior or anterior surface of the humerus
• -olecranon fossa -coronoid fossa
• -detoid tuberosity

85
The Scapulae-Key Features

• Broad, Triangular shape
• Spine-posterior side
• Supraspinous infraspinous fossa
• Two processes Acromion Process
• Coracoid Process
• Glenoid Cavity
• 3 Borders Superior border
• Axillary (lateral) Border
• Vertebral (medial) Border

86
The Humerus-Key Features

• Head
• Greater tubercle
• Intertubercular groove
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Olecranon fossa
• Coronoid fossa
• Trochlea
• Capitulum
• Medial epicondyle
• Lateral epicondyle

87
The Scapulae
88
The Humerus
89
Radius and Ulna
90
The Ulna Radius

• Ulna articulates w/humerus
• -Trochlear notch
• -Olecranon process
• -Coronoid process
• -Head
• -Styloid Process (medial to the body)
• Radius Has a distinct round end
• -located on the thumb side of forearm
• -Radial tuberosity
• -Head of the radius
• -Styloid process (lateral to the body)

91
Humerus w/Ulna and Radius
92
Pectoral Girdle Activity

• Go to each of the 18 Stations and answer the
  following Questions for EACH BONE.
• Name the Bone that has the tape labels a B on
  it. If it is one of the vertebrae other than C-1
  C-2 then simply write thoracic, lumber or
  cervical.
• Left or right (if it applies) if not write axial
  Skeleton
• Identify/Name skeletal features labeledA and
  B
• Note Only Station 1 is different and asks
  multiple features and bones on the skull. For
  this station only ID/answers labels A-F. Do not
  worry about the three questions above for this
  station.

93
Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
94
Carpal Bones (8)

• Trapezium T (thumb)
• Trapezoid T
• Capitate C
• Hamate H (pinky)
• Scaphoid S (thumb)
• Lunate L
• Triquetrum T
• Pisiform P (pinky)

95
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremities

• Clavicle (2)
• Scapulae (2)
• Humerus (2)
• Ulna (2)
• Radius (2)
• Carpals w/8 each side (x2) 16
• Metacarpals w/5 each side (x2) 10
• Phalanges w/14 each side (x2) 28
• 10 54 64 Bones

96
Current Bone Talley

• Skull 29
• Vertebral Column 26
• Thoracic cage Sternum 25
• Pectoral Girdle Upper Extremities 64
• Total 144

97
Introductory Questions 11

• Give the number of carpals and metacarpals
  present in a persons hand?
• 2) What is polydactyly?
• 3) Name the three bones that make up the
  ring-like pelvis.
• 4) The coxal bone can be divided into three
  regions. Name these regions. Which bone is the
  largest?
• 5) The cup-shaped structure found on the lateral
  surface of the hip bone is called the . What
  bone articulates here?
• The two pubis bones come together to form a joint
  called the .
• The largest foramen in body is found in the
  pelvis. Name it.
• How does the female pelvis differ from the males?
  Name three other differences. (See pg. 235)

98
Left and Right Coxal Bones
99
Femur, Tibia, and Fibula
100
Key Features of the Coxal Bones

• 3 parts Ilium, Ishium, and Pubis
• Iliac Crest
• Iliac fossa
• Posterior superior iliac spine
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Ischial spine
• Ischial tuberosity
• Greater Lesser sciatic notch
• Obturator foramen
• Acetabulum

101
Anterior View of the Pelvis
102
Female Pelvis
103
Male vs. Female

• Pelvis male is heavier thicker
• Skull male is larger heavier
• Pelvic Cavity male is narrower longer
• Sacrum male is more narrower
• Coccyx Male is less movable

104
Introductory Questions 12

1. Draw a posterior view of the femur and be sure to
   label all key structures and features.
2. Can the Linea aspera be seen on the anterior or
   posterior side of the femur?
3. The shin bone is also called the .
4. How does the tibia differ from the fibula?
5. What is the largest ankle bone in the foot?
6. How many Tarsals are there? Name them
7. How many total bones make up a persons foot?

105
Introductory Questions 13

1. Draw a posterior view of the femur and be sure to
   label all key structures and features.
2. Can the Linea aspera be seen on the anterior or
   posterior side of the femur?
3. The shin bone is also called the .
4. How does the tibia differ from the fibula?
5. What is the largest ankle bone in the foot?
6. How many Tarsals are there? Name them
7. How many total bones make up a persons foot?

106
Key Features of Femur, Tibia, and Fibula

• Femur (thigh bone)
• -Lateral Medial Epicondyle -Head neck
• -Greater Lesser Trochanter -Linea Aspera
• -Intercondylar fossa -Fovea capitis
• Tibia (shin)
• -Lateral Medial Condyle -Anterior crest
• -Medial Malleolus -Tibial Tuberosity
• -Intercondylar eminence
• Fibula
• -Lateral Malleolus
• -Head of Fibula

107
Bones of the Feet
108
Key Bones Features to Know in the Foot

• Tarsals Seven per foot (x2) 14
• -Calcaneous- heel bone (largest tarsal)
• -Talus - articulates with the tibia fibula
• -Navicular
• -Lateral, Medial, and Intermediate Cuniforms
• Metatarsals five per foot (x2) 10
• Phalanges 14 per foot (x2) 28

109
Lateral View of the foot
110
Pelvic Girdle Lower Extremity Count

• Pelvic Girdle 2
• Femur 2
• Tibia 2
• Fibula 2
• Tarsals 14
• MetaTarsals 10
• Phalanges 28
• Total 60

111
Bone Talley

• Skull 29
• Vertebral Column 26
• Thoracic cage Sternum 25
• Pectoral Girdle Upper Extremities 64
• Pelvic Girdle Lower Extremities 60
• Total 204
• Whats Missing ??

112
Practice/Review Practicum 3

• Visit 8 Stations
• 1) Old Bones Upper Extremities
• a) Name the Bone
• b) Right or Left
• c) Name the feature indicated by the yellow
  arrows
• 2) New Bones- Pelvic Girdle Lower
  Extremities
• a) Name Bone A and Bone B
• b) Determine if it is on the right or left side
  of the body

113
Practice/Review Practicum 4

• Visit 8 Stations
• 1. a) Name the Bone
• b) Right or Left
• c) Name the feature indicated by the yellow
  arrows
• 2.

114
Review Practicum 4

• 20 Stations
• Two questions per station
• 40 pts total
• Bonus station in box Name the bone
• Obtain a bone of your choice and generate two
  questions on a separate sheet of paper and keep
  it at your desk.

115
Bone ID Review Activity

• 40 Stations-Number your paper from 1-40
• Name the Bone
• Indicate Right or Left if appropriate
• Use Tape and write ID on it and choose one
  feature to label on your bone
• Use your Textbook and turn to the page the bone
  is found so that people may reference it