Firefighter Training S-130

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Firefighter TrainingS-130

• Unit 1
• Safety Orientation

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Objectives

• Define Safety
• Identify potential hazards and explain the proper
  safety procedures to follow
• Explain what the LCES (Lookouts, Communications,
  Escape Routes, and Safety Zones) system is and
  why it is important
• You have been thru the 10 Fire Orders 18
  Situations that Shout Watch Out

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Safety

• Defined as 1 The condition of being safe from
  undergoing or causing hurt, injury, or loss. 2b
  a device on a piece of equipment to reduce hazard
• Also the freedom from exposure to danger,
  exemption from injury, and to protect from injury

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Firefighters Requirements

• Knowledge and skill in methods of avoiding
  accidents, injury and exposure to danger
• An ability and attitude that grows with
  experience and training
• Firefighter personnel must use the knowledge and
  skills gained through training and experience in
  all situations

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Types of Hazards Proper Safety Procedures

• Remember where ever you are working you will be
  exposed to many hazardous conditions.
• Two Types of Hazards
• Subjective hazard, one has a direct control over
  it.
• Objective hazard, you have not control over it.
  Environment Hazards

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Environmental Hazards

• Lightning
• Fire Weakened Timber
• Rolling rocks, logs
• Entrapment by fires

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Other Environmental Hazards

• Heat Stress
• Hypothermia
• Darkness
• Carbon Monoxide
• Dust
• Smoke Inversions

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Biological Hazards

• Snakes - Different Types/Different Areas
• Insects - KILLER BEES/Ticks
• Animals - Bears/Lions/Pack Rats
• Plants - Poison Oak, Ivy
• Microorganisms (giardia)
• Viral Infections (colds, influenza, etc.

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Equipment Hazards

• Cuts (saws / hand tools)
• Burns from mufflers
• Noise (hearing impairment levels)
• Hand Tools
• Dozers, Tractors/Plows

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Vehicle Hazards

• Operating around personnel
• Mechanical failure (breaks)
• Shifting Cargo
• Unskilled/inattentive operator

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Aircraft Rotor Fixed-Wing

• Retardant Drops
• Bucket Drops
• Sling loads
• Helicopter rotor wash breaking trees and snags
• Transport of personnel
• Special Use Missions

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Fire Environment Hazards

• The actual fire
• running
• smoldering
• creeping
• Burns
• Smoke
• Unexpected or erratic winds
• Darkness
• Falling snags

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Human Related Hazards

• Attitude (poor morale, fear, machismo)
• Physical condition
• Experience level
• Training Level
• Fatigue
• Critical stress

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Base/Camp Hazards

• Sleeping areas
• Sanitation. Maintaining personal hygiene helps
  prevent gastrointestinal disorders
• Food

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Hazards of Trees Snags

• These are hazards are only surpassed by aviation
  accidents
• 1986 - 1992 14 fatal or debilitating snag
  accident occurred
• Crew boss/Firefighter to National Management
• Many occurred during non-threatening, uneventful
  situations during all phases of fire suppression

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Three Categories or Conditions of Trees

• Living
• Dying ( still alive, but with little or no chance
  of recovery)
• Dead ( Snags - Critter Trees )

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Living Tree Hazards

• Felling Operations
• Aircraft working above
• Strong Winds over 30 mph
• Mechanized equipment
• Cat faces/fire scars
• Branches, limbs (widow-makers)
• Heavy Lean
• Overhangs and hang ups
• Ground disturbance
• Shallow or exposed roots

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Dying Tree

• Same hazards as live but to a greater degree
• Mechanical defect (poor root system)
• Evidence of insect activity, disease decay

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Dead SnagsCritter Trees

• Same Hazards as both living dying greater
  degree
• Snags may fall without warning or external
  disturbance
• Burned out are extremely dangerous

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Safety procedures in hazardous areas

• Any hazard or potential hazard should be reported
  to your supervisor
• Flag areas so that others are aware of dangers
• Two options for working in an unsafe area
• Do not enter till safe
• Make the area safe to work in provided you
  receive approval from your supervisor

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LCES

• LOOKOUTS
• COMMUNICATIONS
• ESCAPE ROUTES
• SAFETY ZONES

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LCES

• Looks at the WATCHOUT Situations to evaluate the
  assignment
• Identifies the Hazard
• Analyze the risks
• Implements steps to ensure Firefighter Safety

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Fire Entrapment

• LOOKOUTS must be posted withCOMMUNICATIONS to
  each firefighterto have 2 ESCAPE ROUTES from
  worklocation to SAFETY ZONE

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Lookouts

• When should they be posted?
• Fire not scouted sized up
• In country not seen in daylight
• Unfamiliar with weather local factors
• Uniformed on strategy, tactics or hazards
• Constructing line without a safe anchor point
• Building line downhill with fire below
• Unburned fuel between you and the fire
• On a hillside where rolling material can ignite
  full below
• Weather is getting hotter drier
• Taking a nap near the fireline

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Lookouts

• Back off if the situation is too complex
• Re-asses your tactics
• Two Tradition situations
• Downhill Line Construction
• Indirect Fireline Operations

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Downhill

• Has area been scouted for fire perimeter, fire
  behavior, chimney and gullies? Have you got
  adequate safety zones escape routes
• Post Lookouts with good communication to observe
  the fire below
• Anchor point must be establish
• Burn out fireline if possible as you proceed down
  the hill

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Indirect

• Unable to see the fire
• Safety zone and anchor point needed
• BASE ALL ACTIONS ON CURRENT EXPECTED FIRE
  BEHAVIOR
• Terrain favorable to hold fire
• Lookout needs to the hazard and crew
• Trained to observe recognize the dangers
• Number will be determined by the size of the fire
  and the terrain it covers

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CommunicationsUnder what conditions would you
need?

• In country you have not seen in daylight
• Safety Zones and escape routes not identified
• Unfamiliar w/weather local factors
• Uninformed on strategy, tactics, or hazards

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CommunicationsUnder what conditions would you
need?

• Instructions assignments not clear.
• No communications link with crew, supervisors,
  forces.
• Construct line without safe anchor point.
• Build line downhill with fire below.
• Attempting a frontal assault on a fire.
• Unburned fuel between you and the fire.

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CommunicationsUnder what conditions would you
need?

• Cannot see the main fire, not in contact with
  anyone who can.
• On a hillside where rolling material can ignite
  fuel below.
• Wind increase or changes direction.
• Getting frequent spot fires across the line.
• Terrain Fuels make escape to safety zones
  difficult.

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Communication Devices

• Radios
• Phones
• Word-of-Mouth
• FlaggingIf you have doubts about your ability
  to communicate, back off. Take the time to get it
  right

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Escape Routes

• The path you take from a location exposed to
  danger to an area free from danger
• Effectiveness changes continuously, therefore
  constant re-evaluation re-establishment must be
  done
• Escape routes shall be established at all times.

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ESCAPE ROUTESWhat situations call
forre-evaluations

• In country not seen in daylight
• Safety zones escape routes not identified
• Unfamiliar with weather local factors
• Uninformed on strategy, tactics, hazards
• Instruction assignments not clear
• Constructing line without a safe anchor point
• Building fireline downhill with fire below

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ESCAPE ROUTESWhat situations call
forre-evaluations

• Attempting a frontal assault on a fire
• Unburned fuel between you and the fire
• Cannot see the main fire, not in contact with
  anyone who can
• On a hillside where rolling material can ignite
  fuel below
• Weather is getting hotter and drier
• Wind increases or changes direction

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Escape Routes

• You need more then one
• In front of you
• To the rear of you
• The only safe line is the black line, leaving
  fuel between you and the fire will compound your
  problems
• Common is the fireline, but remember that fatigue
  distance increase time to reach your safety
  zone
• Discard equipment

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Safety Zones

• Find refuge from danger
• FIRE SHELTER IS NOT NEEDED
• 4 x the flame height
• Established at all times

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SAFETY ZONESNeeded when

• Fire not scouted and sized up
• In country not seen in daylight
• Unfamiliar with weather, local factors
• Uniformed on strategy, tactics, hazards
• Constructing line without a safe anchor point
• Building fire line downhill with fire below
• Attempting frontal assault on a fire

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SAFETY ZONESNeeded when

• Unburned fuel between you and the fire.
• Cannot see the main fire, not in contact with
  anyone who can.
• On a hillside where rolling mater can ignite fuel
  below.
• Weather is getting hotter and drier.
• Wind increases or changes direction.
• Getting frequent spot fires across the line.

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SAFETY ZONES

• Remember that fireline intensity will determine
  the size, but bring into account topographic
  features
• Large enough for to accommodate all firefighters
• Stay alert to changing safety zones escape
  routes, as you construct line
• Remember to re-examine your tactics
• PROVIDE FOR SAFETY FIRST

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Wildland Firefighting is a dangerous job
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