SUBSAHARAN AFRICA

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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
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Satellite Image of the Sahel
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Sub-Saharan Africa Generalizations

• 2nd largest continent
• Total Africa is about 3X the size of the U.S.
• Sub-Saharan Africa has 42 countries on mainland
  and 8 island countries
• Four subregions
• West, Central, South and Eastern
• Africa is a land of contrasts!
• Dry desert to wet rainforests
• Some countries are matrilineal, others
  patrilineal
• Abject poverty to untold wealth

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Precolonial Africa

• Prior to colonization, Africa had a rich history
  of tribal identity
• Earliest civilizations along the Nile
• Kush and Axum (lets look at maps in a second)
• Kumbi in West Africa
• Songhai and Ghana
• Sometimes tribes got along, other times horrible
  wars ensued
• 1884 Berlin Conference formally ratified European
  break-up of Africa with no regard to tribal or
  ethnic identities

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European Colonization

• Colonialism involved imposition of foreign values
  on indigenous institutions
• Usually paternalistic, exploitative and inhumane
• Four main periods of colonization
• Period of initial contact
• Period of enslavement
• Age of land exploration
• Classical era of formal colonialism

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Initial Contact

• Occurred between 1400-1550s (approximate dates!)
• Portuguese were first to really get involved as
  they searched for a sea route to India
• Primarily centered on the coast with inland trade
  left to African merchants
• After Portugal initially made contact others
  followed like the English, French and Dutch
• This minimal involvement lasted until the
  discovery of the Americas
• When Americas indigenous populations were
  decimated, labor was needed from somewhere
  enter the slave trade.

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Period of enslavement

• Estimates of slaves transported from Africa to
  America varies from 8-12 million
• Major slave trade areas were on the west coast
  simply geography!
• Slave trade officially abolished in 1808
• With end of slave trade, African trade moved back
  into trading commodities like coffee, cocoa,
  gold, etc.

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African Age of Exploration

• Started around 1840 as scientific and geographic
  curiosity
• Best known explorers were Henry Stanley who went
  into the Congo, David Livingston along the
  Zambezi river and Mungo Park long the Niger river
• Explorers accounts of resources were what led to
  Europeans formally decided to divide Africa up
  and extra resources

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Formal Colonialism

• 1884 Berlin Conference most important turning
  point in African history because almost all
  modern problems can be traced back to Europes
  inability to take into account ethnic and tribal
  areas when drawing boundaries
• Portuguese policy developed a social hierarchy
  that dehumanized Africans who were trapped at the
  bottom of the social hierarchy (think caste
  system)
• British practiced indirect rule
• Essentially set up system where local leaders
  were intermediaries between British and people
• In other words, Africans ruled themselves as long
  as local leaders were willing to play British
  game
• French had policy of acculturation
• Wanted colonies to adopt French culture, language
  and traditions

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Impact of Colonization

• Boundaries forced hostile ethnic groups to share
  territory and often power
• Some tribes divided between more than one country
• Created a large number of landlocked states
  many that are actually quite small
• Small states have difficulty in todays world
  creating industrial and agricultural foundations
• Transportation networks were created to get
  resources out NOT to unify
• Many people believe neocolonialism is still in
  effect do you agree?
• Has created countries that have to deal with a
  dual or triple cultural heritage why is that a
  problem?

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Shows deaths attributed to war or conflict in 2002
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Development Issues in SSA

• The entire region of SSA produces a GDP of 310
  billion Korea is 421 billion or U.S. is 9,601
  billion
• This economic crisis is caused from multiple
  sources including low levels of investment, poor
  education facilities, inefficient resources use
  and political instability
• In last 2 decades agricultural production has
  actually decreased in SSA
• Most countries in low levels of Rostows
  development model
• In SSA, neocolonialism means that SSA grows the
  raw material that is then exported to a developed
  country where it is altered then sold back in its
  more expensive, industrial form

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Per Capita GDP
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Countries sized based on economic output
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Impact of HIV/AIDS

• Of the global population infected with HIV/AID,
  70 were in SSA
• Even though SSA has 70 of worlds cases, they get
  1.6 of global research money
• Life expectance in SSA has fallen from 62 to 49
  years because of HIV/AIDS
• HIV/AIDS has only really impacted SSA and not
  Northern Africa Why?
• Southern region has highest rates
• Why does this disease spreading so fast in SSA?
• Government denial, inadequate health facilities,
  illiteracy, lack of preventative programs, lack
  of adequate blood screening, increased violence
  and war, urbanization and lack of education about
  the disease
• Bottom line is AIDS is affecting economic
  development and is the single greatest problem
  facing SSA at the present time!

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Global HIV Infection Rates
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Global Life Expectancy
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Nigeria

• Africas most populous state with 130 million
• Nigeria has major oil resources with oil products
  accounting for 95 of exports
• Between 1965 and 1980 Nigeria experienced
  economic growth of 4.2
• In recent years, economy has started declining
  Why?
• Geopolitics of oil, ethnic divisions, excesses of
  military rule, greed, corruption and mismangament
• Climate supports cash crop and commercial
  agricultural products but Nigeria still cannot
  feed itself, even though they should
  theoretically be able to

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Nigerias Diversity

• Has over 300 ethnic groups
• Hausa-Fulani and north, Yoruba in SW and Ibo in
  SE all three together form about 65 of total
  population
• Nigeria is constantly facing problems from ethnic
  groups wanting autonomy if not independence
• In 1967, Nigeria was balkanized into 12 states,
  19 in 1976, 21 in 1987 and 30 in 1991
• Nigerias problem seem to be almost entirely from
  the human component they have the resources to
  compete on the world stage!
• Recently (2001) 12 northern states instituted
  Sharia law creating even more division

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Somalia

• A country in crisis!
• Located on the Horn of Africa thus playing a
  key role in international trade through the
  region
• It is actually fairly close to a nation-state
  with a common culture, language and history (by
  African standards!)
• This homogeniety is attributal to Islam
• That said, Somalia has a problem with clanocracy
  where a clan of patrilineal desent defines the
  political and legal status of groups
• In 1991, two clans tried to overthrow the
  government and Somalia has essentially been
  without a government since
• Lets talk current events?

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Child soldier issue?
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Rwanda and Burundi

• This is the classical case of Genocide in Africa
  caused by European colonization
• Prior European colonization the two dominant
  tribes in the region the Hutu and Tutsi - lived
  in peace and agreement
• When boundaries were drawn in Berlin they paid no
  attention to traditional tribal lands
• Traditionally Hutu were agricultural and Tutsi
  were pastrialists
• Rwanda became 10 Tutsi while Burundi became 16
  Tutsi with the majority in both countries Hutu
  (this does not mean there were no other tribes,
  however!)
• The Europeans used racial stereotyping to
  maintain control using the minority Tutsi to
  control the majority Hutu
• When both countries gained independence, Hutu
  majorities won elections and over the course of
  40 years occasionally massacred Tutsis
• In 1993 genocide broke out and almost 1,000,000
  Tutsis were killed with UN and US slow to act

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Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

• Formerly Belgium colony that had a really
  difficult time gaining independence because
  Belgium did not want to let it go!
• Formerly known as Zaire
• Dictator was overthrown in 1997 and political
  stability has followed ever since
• DRC has major natural resources including
  commercial agriculture, copper and diamonds
• Country typifies African example of low education
  levels, high female illiteracy and high rates of
  malnutrition as well as no real access to health
  care
• Lets talk current event issues?

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Conflict Diamonds
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Zimbabwe

• Like Kenya, Zimbabwe was a settler colony for the
  British that focused on commercial and plantation
  agriculture
• Under European control, the Europeans control 75
  of productive land and forced the african
  subsistant farmers onto what was left
• In 1980, Zimbabwe finally gained its independence
  and started a brief violent move against the
  white settlers
• Robert Mugabe was first president and is still in
  power
• Until recently, Zimbabwe seemed to be a bit of an
  african success story but recent political
  issues have created hyper-inflation, cholera
  outbreaks and ethnic violence
• Lets talk current events

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South Africa

• As country at the tip of Africa, its importance
  in trade cannot be understated
• South Africa is an ethnically diverse country
  with 13 of its population of European decent who
  call themselves Afrikaners
• In 1910 when independence was achieved, the
  Afrikaners set up a system of apartheid or an
  official policy of racial segregation
• Afrikaners were still living on the arable land
  and owned the many mines while the subsistant
  farmers worked the mines and fields but lived in
  racially separated, inferior areas of South
  Africa
• In 1994 Apartheid finally ended with the election
  of Nelson Mandela but the impact is still being
  felt
• Lets talk about Thebo Mbeki and Jacob Zuma

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Sudan

• Largest country in Africa
• Again an example of how boundaries drawn by
  Europeans impacted indigenous groups
• When Sudan was created, the Europeans combined a
  Christian/African south with a Muslim/Arab north
• Sudan has a long history of dealing in the slave
  trade with the North enslaving the South
• In 2002 a peace treaty was finally signed between
  the two groups but that lead the Darfur region to
  ask for its independence
• Darfur is composed primarily of
  African/Muslim/farmers while Khartoum is
  primarily Arabic/Muslim/pastorialists
• Currently genocide is taking place in Darfur with
  the governmetn in Khartoum supporting the
  Janjaweed and their attempt to rid Darfur of the
  farmers
• Lets talk current events?

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