Cell Theory and Structure

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Cell Theory and Structure

• Living Environment

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Mid 1600s

• Microscopes start to be used to explore the
  biological world.

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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

• Used a simple microscope (mag 200X). Looked at
  drinking water and found living things in it
  (amebas, paramecium, hydra) Very controversial.
  Also looked at human sperm and blood cells.

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Robert Hooke

• Invented and worked with the compound microscope
  (mag 30X). An artist who examined very thin
  slices of cork under his compound microscope. He
  found small box like structures (cell walls) he
  named cells. Never looked at any live cells.

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1838

• Robert Brown and Theodor Schwann Discovered the
  nucleus

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1855

• Rudolph Virchow theorized that all cells must
  arise from pre-existing cells

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1900

• By the end of the 1800s The Cell Theory had been
  established. This marked the beginning of what
  we call modern biology.

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Cell Theory

• 1. Cells are the structural unit of all living
• things. (i.e. everything that is alive is made
  of cells)
• 2. Cells are the functional unit of all living
  things. (i.e. all cells carry on all 8 life
  functions. Combine the life functions of all
  the cells and you get the organism carrying
  out its eight life functions.)
• 3. New Cells can only arise from pre- existing
  cells. (i.e. only cells can make cells.)

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Exceptions to the Cell Theory

• 1. Mitochondria and chloroplast have their own
  DNA and can duplicate on their own separate from
  the rest of the cell.

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• 2. Slime mold and bread mold have no individual
  cells. They are blobs of cytoplasm with many
  nucleuses floating around.

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• 3. Viruses are basically DNA wrapped in proteins.
  Makes them very tough. They can reproduce
  inside of a living cell but are not cells
  themselves.

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• Examples of viruses
• http//www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/examples_of_
  viruses.html

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• 4. The first cell must have arisen from a
  non-cell structure.

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Common Characteristics

• All must carry out the eight life functions need
  to keep an organism alive.
• Organisms with many cells have very specialized
  cells that carry out very specific functions
• Single celled organisms have one very general
  cell that carry out many functions

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• Most cells are 10 to 30 micrometers in size.
  Chicken egg is a single cell 6cm or 60,000
  micrometers. A single nerve cell can be 1 meter
  or 100,000 micrometers long. All cells are
  different because all cells carry out different
  functions.

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• All cells are surrounded by a membrane which
  separates the cell contents from the environment
  alive. All but the simplest cells have a
  membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

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Specific parts of the Cells(general)

• Cell Membrane SEMI-PERMIABLE!! Regulates what
  can and can get in and out of the cell. The Gate
  Keeper. Does not block all bad things. Cyanide.
  Receptors molecules.

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• Nucleus Brain of the cell. Controls and
  coordinates all cell activities. Contains ALL
  the DNA genetic information. Humans 46
  Chromosomes. Denuvo Genetic.

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• Cytoplasm Fluid environment of the cell. Site
  of chemical reactions. The cell is mostly water.
  Humans 86

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• Nucleolus the center of the nucleus. Produces
  ribosomes

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• Ribosomes Protein Synthesis Making Proteins.
  Proteins muscles, enzymes and hormones.
  Proteins are made of amino acids. Proteins make
  up what we are and carry out all the functions
  that we can do.

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• Endoplasmic Reticulum Interconnected channels
  used for the transport throughout the cell.
• Smooth ER No ribosomes
• Rough ER Ribosomes

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Johnny the Sasquatch leaving Phils house after
having some pork chops
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• Protein tranport in the ER
• http//brodylab.eng.uci.edu/cgi-bin/jpbrody/animat
  ion/files/7-973887326.html

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• Mitochondria Power House of The Cell In
  charge of cellular respiration the processes
  used to make energy. Cristae provide increased
  surface area

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• Golgi body Stack of membranes. Storage area.
  Animal cells hove one and Plants have more then
  one. UPS center of the cell.

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• Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes. Breaks
  down foods into nutrients. Also destroys dead
  cells. Liver and the tad pole.

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• Vacuoles Spaces within the cytoplasm.
• Food vacuoles
• Contractile Vacuoles
• Water Vacuoles (Plants)

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• Centrioles two structure found in the
  cytoplasm. Help with mitosis (cell division 2
  cells from 1) Found only in Animal cells.

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Plant cells

• Chloroplast Photosynthesis
• Cell Wall Non-living Rigid structure. Made of
  cellulose. Provides protection and support.

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• Plant Animal
• No Centrioles Centrioles
• Cell Wall No cell wall
• Chloroplast No Chloroplast

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Extra Cellular Structures

• Cilia found on some of the protist. Humans
  have ciliated mucus membranes
• Flagella Euglena and sperm

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• Cell Structure and their functions
• http//www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cell
  s/cells.htm

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Homework

• Read Pages 169-183
• Pg 172 Answer 1,2
• Pg 183 Answer 1,3

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• Protein tranport in the ER
• http//brodylab.eng.uci.edu/cgi-bin/jpbrody/animat
  ion/files/7-973887326.html
• Examples of viruses
• http//www.accessexcellence.org/AB/GG/examples_of_
  viruses.html
• Cell Structure and their functions
• http//www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/sbi3a1/Cell
  s/cells.htm