Sanitation Requirements in Space:

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Sanitation Requirements in Space The issues of
Space Debris and its Management V.
Adimurthy Indian Space Research Organisation
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CHANDRAYAAN-1
PSLV C11 22nd Oct 0640 hrs EPO of 255 x
22,932 km Burn 1 23rd Oct 0922
hrs EPO of 305 x 37,719 km Burn 2
25th Oct 0603 hrs EPO of 336 x 74,716
km Burn 3 26th Oct 0718 hrs EPO
of 348 x 1,65,016 km Burn 4 29th Oct
0741 hrs EPO of 459 x 2,66,611 km Burn
5 4th Nov 0459 hrs EPO of 972 x
3,79,856 km Lunar Orbital mass of 610 kg with 2
year life time. Scientific payload 55 kg MIP 35
kg
Lunar Insertion Maneuver 8th Nov 2008
Final Orbit 100 km Polar By 13th Nov
Initial moon Orbit 500 X 7500 km
Lunar Transfer Trajectory at burn 5
EPO 2 / 3 / 4
MIP experiment 14th Nov
EPO 1
Moon at Launch
Mid Course Corrections
Trans Lunar Injection
ASTROSAT
Expanding the scientific knowledge about the
moon, upgrading Indias technological capability
and providing challenging opportunities for
planetary research for the younger generation
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Chandrayaan 2A Soft landing Mission to Moon

• A minimum Soft Lander configuration requires ?
  300 kg including Propellant. Operational
  duration 2 weeks.
• With a rover the total mass is can be ? 400 kg
• ? New technologies related to NGC, TTC, landing
  gear, robotics, thermal management in Lunar
  environment etc need to be developed for this
  mission

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A Concept of Indian Manned Space Programme
Motivation
Concept

• Resources/Energy
• Mining the Moon, planets and asteroids
• Scientific
• Basic research in physical and life sciences
• Manufacturing / Industrial growth
• New materials, pharmaceutical products
• Human Presence in Space gives the
  versatility to achieve the above

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Typical Intake and effluent mass budget of Space
Crew
Oxygen 0.84 kg Food solids 0.62 kg Water
(Drink) 1.62 kg Water in food 1.50
kg Metabolised water 0.40 kg

• Carbon Dioxide 1.00 kg
• Respiration Perspiration Water 2.28 kg
• Urine 1.50 kg
• Feces water 0.091 kg
• Urine solids 0.059
• Feces solid 0.032 kg
• Sweat solid 0.018 kg

TOTAL 4.98 kg
TOTAL 4.98 kg
(per person per day)
Short duration mission
Open cycle ECLSS All required resources for
the crew provided from storage and stores the
waste generated without any re-cycling
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Typical Space Toilet Systems
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The Waste Products from Spacecraft may be dumped
out into empty space generating Space Debris
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IADC Re-Entry Campaign 09 2008

• Campaign Started on 22nd October 2008
• Object chosen was Early Ammonia Servicer
  (Catalogue No. 31928) jettisoned from
  International Space Station in July, 2007. Mass
  of 640 kg, and dimensions of 2.5m x 1.2m x 1.7m.
  Inclination 51.64 deg

Reentry occurred on 03rd November 0458 (UTC)
Prediction by VSSC
Prediction Epoch no. of Days from November 1, 2008
TLE epoch No of Days from October 1, 2008
did not make prediction on last day
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An Overview of Space Debris Environment
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Evolution of Space Debris Environment
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Protected Regions Debris Mitigation Measures
Space Debris Risk Mitigation Measures
Limit the Release of Operational Debris
On-orbit Collision Prevention
Minimize Potential for On-orbit Breakup
Post Mission Disposal
Proximity Avoidance
Avoid Intentional Fragmentation
Passivation
Reorbiting
Deorbiting/Reentry Lifetime Limitation
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200 km
200 km
2000 km
GSO Altitude
Protected Region A
Protected Region B
IADC Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines
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PSLV-C11/Chandrayaan-1 Mission Space Object
Proximity Analysis Launch Date 22 Oct 2008
Lift Off not Recommended in Time Intervals
Marked Maximum (Worst Case) Collision Probability
Estimated to be More than 110-6 for PSLV-C11 (in
ascent Phase) and 110-5 (Till the 1st Apogee
after Injection) for Chandrayaan-1
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Some of the Recovered Orbital Debris upon Reentry
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Thank You