Language

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Language Literature Excluding Tale of Two
Cities
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William Blake, A Song of Liberty, from The
Marriage of Heaven and Hell
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William Blake

• Born November 28, 1757
• London, England
• Died August 12, 1827
• London, England
• 69 years old

http//www.johnmitchell.org/art_gallery.htm
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Blakes Life

• Early years
• Began his artistic career at 10 years old when
  his father sent him to the best drawing school in
  England
• Apprenticed to an engraver at 14

• Adult life
• Always worked as an engraver and professional
  artist
• Was very poor, especially later in life
• Always felt rich in spirit

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Blakes Art
http//www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/blake/
http//www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/blake/
http//www.metmuseum.org/special/William_Blake/15.
R.htm
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Blakes Life

• His life is considered simple, boring, when
  compared to the lives of his contemporaries
  (Coleridge, Shelley, Keats)
• Married to the same woman most of his life
• Never traveled

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Blakes Wife

• Married Catherine Boucher in 1782
• They were married until his death in 1827
• She assisted with the printing and hand coloring
  of his poems

http//www.metmuseum.org/special/William_Blake/11
.R.htm
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Blakes Death

• Suffered in his last years that Sickness to
  which there is no name.
• Probably biliary cirrhosis
• Caused by prolonged exposure to the fumes
  produced when acid is applied to copper plates
  (was one of his methods of engraving)

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Miscellaneous Blake Facts

• Claimed to see visions of angels, spirits, and
  ghosts of kings and queens
• First vision seen at
• age 4 (God at the window)
• age 9 (tree filled with angels)
• Favorite brother Robert died and came back to
  William in a vision to teach him an engraving
  technique
• Saw visions until his death on his deathbed,
  burst into song about the things he saw in Heaven

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More Blake Facts

• Arrested twice
• 1783 he and two other artists were arrested and
  accused of spying were finally released once it
  was verified they were not French spies
• 1803 put on trial for pushing a soldier out of
  his garden, allegedly saying, Damn the king.
  All the soldiers are slaves.

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Blakes Poetry

• Work received little attention during his
  lifetime
• Most of his poetry was not widely published
• When his work was noticed, people thought it (and
  therefore Blake himself) was weird, confused, or
  mad

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I must create a system or be enslaved by another
mans.

• Illustrated most of his poems as well as those of
  other writers
• Printed most of his poetry himself

http//4umi.com/image/art/blake/introduction.jpg
http//wiredforbooks.org/blake/milton2a.jpg
http//colophon.com/gallery/minsky/jpegs/blakemh2.
jpg
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Blakes Romantic Tendencies

• If we see with our imaginations, we see the
  infinite if we see with our reason, we see only
  ourselves
• Believed everything in life (every object, every
  event) was a symbol with a mystical or spiritual
  meaning
• His poems spoke out against social injustice
• His poetry and art reflect his struggles with the
  big spiritual questions
• Why is there evil?
• Why do evil people sometimes prosper?
• Why do the innocent suffer?

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Verse form and metrics the prophetic poetic
statement
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C. William Wordsworth, The French Revolution as
It Appeared to Enthusiasts at Its Commencement
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The Wordsworth Household

• He was born in April 7th 1770, in England
• - His sister, Dorothy was born in December 25th
  1771
• William was the second of five children.
• After his mothers death in 1778, he was sent
• to Hawkshead Grammar School this is where
• his love for poetry was first established. Five
• years later, his father died. Wordsworth began
  attending St Johns College, Cambridge in 1787

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Wordsworth the Common Man

• In 1790, Wordsworth quit school at St.
• Johns in Cambridge to partake in a walking
• tour of Europe. This experience heightened
• Wordsworth's interest in the life, troubles
• and speech of the "common man, which is
• another common theme in his works.

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• Relationship with Annette Vallon
• - In November 1791, Wordsworth visited to France
• - Fell in love with a French woman, Annette
  Vallon
• - Lack of money and Britain's tensions with
  France made him return alone to England the next
  year

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We Were Three Persons With One Soul.

• In 1794,
• Wordsworth was
• reunited with his
• sister, Dorothy
• shortly after, he met another poet, Samuel
  Taylor Coleridge, and
• they became close friends.

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• - 1793 saw Wordsworth's first published poetry
  and received a legacy of 900 from Raisley
  Calvert in 1795.
• - - Wordsworth and Coleridge (with insights from
  Dorothy) produced Lyrical Ballads in 1798, an
  important work in the English Romantic movement
• - The second edition, published in 1800, had only
  Wordsworth listed as author, and included a
  preface to the poems
• - A fourth and final edition of Lyrical Ballads
  was published in 1805

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Mr. and Mrs. Wordsworth

• In 1802,
• Wordsworth
• married Mary
• Hutchinson in the
• Brompton Church.
• She was the
• inspiration for his
• poem, She Was A
• Phantom of Delight.

• She was a Phantom of delight
• When first she gleamed upon my sight
• A lovely Apparition, sent
• To be a moment's ornament
• Her eyes as stars of Twilight fair
• Like Twilight's, too, her dusky hair

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Wordsworth in Sorrow

• By 1810, they had
• five children
• however, two of
• their deaths in
• 1812 caused
• Wordsworth great
• sorrow. His poem,
• Surprised By
• Joy, reflects his
• anguish.

• That thought's return
• Was the worst pang that sorrow ever bore,
• Save one, one only, when I stood forlorn,
• Knowing my heart's best treasure was no more
• That neither present time, nor years unborn
• Could to my sight that heavenly face restore.

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Rydal Mount and Beyond

• Shortly after, Wordsworth and
• his family settled at Rydal Mount
• where he continued to write
• poetry for the remainder of his
• life. In 1843, he became
• Englands poet laureate.
• He died on April 23, 1850, and
• is buried at St Oswald's Church
• in Grasmere.

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• - In the autumn of 1798, Wordsworth, Dorothy, and
  Coleridge traveled to Germany
• - - He and his sister moved back to England, now
  to Dove Cottage in Grasmere in the Lake District,
  nearby a fellow poet Robert Southey
• - Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey came to be
  known as the "Lake Poets
• - Through this period, many of his poems revolve
  around themes of death, endurance, separation,
  and grief

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• The Poet Laureate and other honors
• - Wordsworth received an honorary Doctor of Civil
  Law degree in 1838 from Durham University, and
  the same honor from Oxford University the next
  year
• - In 1842 the government awarded him a civil list
  pension amounting to 300 a year
• - With the death in 1843 of Robert Southey,
  Wordsworth became the Poet Laureate

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Verse form blank verse
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. George Gordon, Lord Byron, The Dedication
from Don Juan
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Life and works

• Byron born too late to experience revolution in
  France become a leading revolutionary in Greeces
  cause for independence. He died of fever and
  exposure while engaged in the Greek struggle for
  independence.

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Sex (That got your attention- didnt it!)
It was rumored that his nurse, May Gray, made
physical advances to him when he was only nine. 
This experience and his idealized love for his
distant cousins Mary Duff and Margaret Parker
shaped his paradoxical attitudes toward women.

•   In 1801 Byron went to Harrow, where his
  friendships with younger boys fostered a romantic
  attachment to the school.  It is possible that
  these friendships gave the first impetus to his
  sexual ambivalence, which became more pronounced
  at Cambridge and later in Greece.

The handsome poet with the clubfoot was swept
into affairs with the passionate Lady Caroline
Lamb, Lady Frances Webster, and - possibly - his
half-sister, Augusta Leigh before he married
Anne Isabella (Annabella) Milbanke. The marriage
didnt last. Many other women followed. Byron
had both illegitimate and legitimate children 
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• Don Juan is a long narrative poem by Byron, based
  very loosely on the legend of the evil seducer,
  Don Juan. It was composed during Byron's
  self-imposed exile from England appeared,
  anonymously, in July 1819. It was greeted with
  scandal, condemnation, admiration and hilarity.
  Modern critics generally consider the
  self-proclaimed 'epic', which remained incomplete
  at Byron's death, to be his masterpiece. (Summary
  by Peter Gallagher)....

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Dedication

• Byron dedicates the poem to the Poet Laureate,
  Robert Southey
• satirizes Southey and the other Lake Poets for
  their politics, pretensions and verse and
• insults the Foreign Secretary, Castlereagh
• The Dedication was not published with any edition
  of Don Juan during Byron's life. (The first two
  cantos were published anonymously, and Byron was
  not willing to, as he put it, "attack the dog in
  the dark." )

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Byron as speaker and character in Don Juan
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The Don Juan story
Don Juan is a rogue and a libertine who takes
great pleasure in seducing women and (in most
versions) enjoys fighting their champions. Later,
in a graveyard Don Juan encounters a statue of
the dead father of a girl he has seduced, and,
impiously, invites the father to dine with him
the statue gladly accepts. The father's ghost
arrives for dinner at Don Juan's house and in
turn invites Don Juan to dine with him in the
graveyard. Don Juan accepts, and goes to the
father's grave where the statue asks to shake Don
Juan's hand. When he extends his arm, the statue
grabs hold and drags him away, to Hell.

• One of the most influential versions of the story
  is told in Don Giovanni, an opera composed by
  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart with libretto by Lorenzo
  da Ponte,

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Historical allusions

• In addition to the Italian poets, Byron borrowed
  from the epics of Virgil and Homer the satire of
  François Marie Voltaire, Miguel de Cervantes,
  Alexander Pope, and Jonathan Swift and the
  picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett, Henry
  Fielding, and Laurence Sterne. Byron also
  incorporated a broad selection of nonfiction,
  including passages from historical works,
  directly into his text.

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Attack
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Metrics the use of ottava rima
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Byron's death in the Greek War of Independence
made his a hero to the rebellious poor. The
poet's funeral procession, passing though London,
consisted of the empty carriages of aristocrats
who themselves remained at home the streets,
however, were lined with 'common' people (Boyd).
Byron's body was brought back to England but he
was refused burial in Westminster Abbey. Instead
his body was laid in the family vault in
Nottinghamshire. Many thousands of people turned
out to pay their respects during the funeral
procession which itself, extended for a quarter
of a mile.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Excerpt from The Social
Contract
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I. Historical/Biographical Background

• Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
• Born in Geneva
• Runs away at 16 and lives on his own
• Hooked up with various women for support
• Was a tutor, civil servant, composer, music
  teacher, botanist, linguist, novelist, memoirist,
  and philosopher

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I. Historical/Biographical Background

• In 1762 publishes On Social Contract and
  Emile
• Both are condemned, books burned, leaves Paris
  for Saint Pierre, then on to England with David
  Hume (1766)
• Returns to France (1767)
• Publishes a series of autobiographical works,
  including Confessions (1782)

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Monarchy
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Prose style
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Rousseaus first tomb Ermenonville, France
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Mary Wollstonecraft, Excerpt from A Vindication
of the Rights of Men
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Brief Biography

• described as  a "hyena in petticoats"
• Self-taught
• Led a troubled life
• Father was a bully
• Left home at 19
• Helped sister escape an abusive husband
• Suicidal at times
• Had jobs as governess, translator, literary
  advisor, article writer
• an iconoclast and a radical
• argued her whole life for the liberation and
  education of women.
• observed the Revolution first-hand
• Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man in
  rebuttal to Burke
• Eventually married her long time friend, radical
  William Godwin
• Lost some credibility with radical friends
• Mother of Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein
• died in childbirth

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Concerning the Revolution

• A true child of the Revolution
• saw a new age of reason and benevolence coming
• desired to bridge the gap between
• humanitys present circumstance
• ultimate idealized state of perfection
• She was a parishioner of minister Richard Price,
  who started the whole debate
• He praised the French Revolution
• British people also had the right to overthrow a
  bad king

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Literary Traits and Significance

• Her ideas concerning the rights of women were
  truly revolutionary
• The first real feminist
• Desired to help women not only for their own
  sake, but also for the sake of their children and
  husbands
• elevated to the rank of modern heroine in the
  1970s
• "lived out" her own theories.
• Practiced what she preached

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The response to Burke

• Was personally mad at Burke
• She saw him as two-faced
• Burke defended the American Revolution
• She admired him at that time
• Attacked Price when he supported the French
  Revolution

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Editions of the pamphlet

• The Rights of Men was successful it was reviewed
  by every major periodical of the day and the
  first edition sold out in three weeks. However,
  upon the publication of the second edition (the
  first to carry Wollstonecraft's name on the title
  page), the reviews began to evaluate the text not
  only as a political pamphlet but also as the work
  of a female writer. They contrasted
  Wollstonecraft's "passion" with Burke's "reason"
  and spoke condescendingly of the text and its
  female author.

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Thomas Paine, Excerpt from Rights of Man
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Thomas Paine

• was born in Thetford, England, on January 29,
  1737
• had failed out of school by age 12.
• began apprenticing for his father, a corset
  maker, but again, he failed.
• age 19, went to sea
• This adventure didn't last too long

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Thomas Paine

• By 1768 found himself as an excise (tax) officer
  in England.
• Discharged from his post twice in four years
• Published The Case of the Officers of Excise
  (1772), arguing for a pay raise for officers.
• Forerunner of things to come
• In 1774, met Benjamin Franklin in London, who
  helped him emigrate to Philadelphia.

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Thomas Paine

• Came to America in 1774 at the age of 37.
• Became an editor in Philadelphia just as the
  force of the resistance movement gained national
  focus.
• wrote newspaper articles on abolition, women's
  rights, dueling, titles, and the freedom of
  British India before he wrote on the American
  Revolution.

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Thomas Paine

• He wrote with urgency, excitement, and bold
  simplicity.
• He furnished straightforward, uncomplicated
  guidance for artisans, mechanics, and farmers.
• He carried the new philosophy to the masses and
  turned the resistance movement into revolt.

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Thomas Paine

• In Jan. 1776 published Common Sense, an extremely
  popular and successful pamphlet arguing for
  Independence from England.
• transformed the terms of political debate

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Thomas Paine

• Common Sense
• Begins with an analysis of the principles of
  govt. and an attack on hereditary rule and the
  validity of the monarchy itself, not with a
  discussion of America's relations with Britain.
• Paine always considered the republican argument
  of CS more important than the pamphlet's call for
  independence.

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Thomas Paine

• Common Sense
• literally transformed the political language.
• was the first writer in America to denounce the
  English constitution so completely, and with it
  the idea that balanced govt. was essential to
  liberty.

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Thomas Paine

• Common Sense
• Urged the establishment of republican govt. in
  America, while only hinting at its structure.
• Paine was always more interested in principles
  than forms of govt.
• did call for the creation of a continental
  legislature and new unicameral state assemblies
  based on a broad suffrage, popular representation
  through frequent elections, and a written
  constitution guaranteeing the rights of persons
  and property and establishing freedom of religion.

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Thomas Paine

• Common Sense
• immediate success and impact was nothing short of
  astonishing.
• went through 25 editions and reached literally
  hundreds of thousands of readers in the single
  year 1776.
• Probably sold at least 150,000 copies

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Thomas Paine

• The Crisis is a collection of articles written
  during the American Revolutionary War.
• Constitute Paine's ongoing support for an
  independent and self-governing America through
  the many severe crises of the Revolutionary War.
• General Washington found the first essay so
  inspiring, he ordered that it be read to the
  troops at Valley Forge.

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Thomas Paine

• Returned to Europe and pursued other ventures
  instead of participating in the revolution.
• In 1791-92, he wrote The Rights of Man in
  response to criticism of the French Revolution.
• caused him to be labeled an outlaw in England for
  his anti-monarchist views.
• would have been arrested, but he fled for France
  to join the National Convention.

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Thomas Paine

• By 1793, he was imprisoned in France for not
  endorsing the execution of Louis XVI.
• During his imprisonment, he wrote and distributed
  the first part of what was to become his most
  famous work at the time, The Age of Reason
  (1794-96).
• He was freed in 1794 (narrowly escaping
  execution) thanks to the efforts of James Monroe,
  then U.S. Minister to France.

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Thomas Paine

• Remained in France until 1802 when he returned to
  America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson.
• Discovered that his contributions to the American
  Revolution had been all but eradicated due to his
  religious views.
• Derided by the public and abandoned by his
  friends for his anti-religious Age of Reason
• Died on June 8, 1809 at the age of 72 in New York
  City.

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Paines response to Edmund Burkes Reflections on
the French Revolution

• Edmund Burke