HYPNOTISM

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HYPNOTISM MESMERISM
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MESMERISM

• Mesmerism was coined in the 18th century by Anton
  Mesmer.
• Mesmerism is a bit of medical quackery at those
  times

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• In 1770 Mesmer, met Maximillian Hell, a Viennese
  Jesuit and healer. Fr. Hell cured people with a
  magnetic steel plate explained, it is because
  of magnetic healing power.
• But Mesmer argued that the curative property is
  due to the magnetic fluid flowing through
  everything.

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• Mesmer eventually discovered that he got the same
  results without the magnets. He posited that
  "animal magnetism" accounted for his ability to
  correct the flow of the universal magnetic fluid.
  Today, the term "animal magnetism" means
  mesmerism or hypnotic power.

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• Franz Anton Mesmer
• Born - 1734 in the village of Iznang
• Graduated in medicine in Vienna at the age of 32.
  
• Wrote a dissertation entitled The influence of
  the planets on the human body.
• All known theory were now brought together under
  a single therapeutic umbrella, that of magnetism.

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• Mesmer was convinced that by this means he could
  alleviate the symptoms of illness such as
• Retention of urine, earache, depression, trances,
  temporary blindness and attacks of paralysis who
  had hitherto been considered to be incurable.

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MESMERISM changes to HYPNOTISM.?

• James Braid, a well known local surgeon, happened
  to be present with a colleague. The saw a girl
  apparently put into a trance, and Braid was so
  incensed that he went upon stage himself to
  expose it as a complete fake. To his intense
  astonishment he found that the trance was
  perfectly genuine.

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• He consequently began a series of experiments
  upon his relatives and friends, and found that he
  could soon produce a similar trance state quite
  easily by inducing them to fix their eyes upon a
  bright object, such as his lancet case. Needless
  to say his offer was rejected and his paper
  branded as ridiculous, together with his reports
  of cures of contractures and disorders of
  sensibility such as deafness through the use of
  mesmerism.

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• He also discovered that he obtained excellent
  results when he used the trance for medical and
  surgical purposes, and in 1842 he offered to read
  a paper on the subject for the British
  association which was meeting in Manchester.

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• Needless to say his offer was rejected and his
  paper branded as ridiculous, together with his
  reports of cures of contractures and disorders of
  sensibility such as deafness through the use of
  mesmerism.
• He maintained that animal ,magnetism was a form
  of sleep brought on by the total concentration of
  the subject and so he called the condition
  Hypnos, after the name of the Greek God.

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• The phenomena were due to suggestion alone,
  acting upon a subject whose suggestibility had
  been artificially increased.
• Misdirected attention Belief Expectation
  
• The Hypnotic state.

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What is hypnosis?

• Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.
• It is a state of artificially induced increased
  suggestibility.
• It is physiologically quite different from sleep,
  the EEG recordings are similar to those of waking
  state.
• The technique-aims at narrowing the patients
  attention awareness to the hypnotist alone.

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• Hypnosis
• Not a form of sleep, but of concentration that
  bypasses the usual critical or evaluative
  activities of the mind.
• The patient becomes much more open to suggestion
  and guidance
• Not so much a loss of control as an openness,
  agreeing to what someone else is suggesting.

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THEORIES REGARDING NATURE OF HYPNOSIS

• SUGGESTION THEORY
• NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL THEORY
• THEORY OF HEMISPHEII SPECIFICITY

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INDUCTION OF HYPNOSIS

• Basic needs for successful production of hypnosis
  are
• Willingness to co-operate.
• Confidence.
• Ability to concentrate.

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INITIAL REQUIREMENT FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF HYPNOTIC
STATE

• Positive motivation
• Removal of doubts fears
• Fear of failure over anxiety
• Fear of hypnotic state itself.
• Preparation of patients mind.

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STAGES OF HYPNOSIS
Light stage.Medium stage.Deep
stage.Somnambulistic stage.
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• Light stage anxiety, nervousness
• Here EEG recordings of the patient are same
  as that of himself in a relaxed position 8-12
  cycles per second.

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• Medium stage
• There is no absolute dividing line between the
  stages of hypnosis. classification are made for
  the convenience of the therapy. The medium stage
  trance begins to develop as the deepening
  proceeds. The patient begins to look more
  relaxed. The respiration rate slowly decreases
  it becomes evident that simple suggestions given
  are being acted upon.

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• Deep stage
• This is achieved by slowing down the rate of
  speech using emphasis on words, in order to slow
  down the rate of respiration. Expression of
  obvious repose with simultaneous reduction of
  respiratory rate and flaccidity of limbs indicate
  that deep stage of hypnosis has been reached.

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• Somnambulistic stage
• Patients will open his eyes ,talk and move
  about obey other instructions and generally act
  as if he were awake and yet remain in hypnosis
  .Its most valuable from hypnotherapy point of
  view and is an assurance of potential success in
  treatment.

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THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANCE INDUCTION

• Fixation of attention.
• Limitation of the field of awareness.
• Physical relaxation with limitation of voluntary
  movements.
• Suspension of all ideas other than those upon
  which concentration is suggested.

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TYPES OF APPROACH TO ADAPT

• Active participation with attention
• Passivity of mind with distraction

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MANNER OF GIVING AND PHRASING SUGGESTIONS

• Alteration in the volume of the voice.
• Change in the rate of delivery.
• Stressing particular words.
• Change in the modulation of voice.
• Insertion of suitable pause between successive
  ideas.
• Loud tones are best avoided.
• Slow deliberate rhythmical delivery in an even
  tone of voice will be effective.

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USE OF HYPNOTHERAPY

• Most effective in conditions accompanied by
  strong emotional components, physical
  disturbances that originate from emotional
  disturbance.
• Hypnosis can also afford symptomatic relief in
  certain chronic physical diseases.

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Conditions in which Hypnotherapy can be used

• Neurosis
• Problems of personality.
• Psychosexual problems.
• Miscellaneous problems.

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• Neurosis
• Anxiety
• Phobic illness
• Psychosomatic responses
• Obsessive compulsive disorders
• Hysterical conversion symptoms

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Problems of personality

• Alcohol, drug addiction, smoking
• Anorexia, bulimia
• Social disability stammering
• Immature personality

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Psychosexual problems

• Loss of libido
• In man premature ejaculation, erectile
  impotence
• In women vaginismus

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Miscellaneous problems

• Alleviation of pain
• Obstetrics
• Surgery
• Terminal care
• Dentistry

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CONTRAINDICATIONS TO THE USE OF HYPNOSIS

• Depression
• Schizophrenia
• Drug dependence
• Mentally subnormal
• Pathological personalities
• Thyroid dysfunction
• Hypoglycemia
• Cerebral tumours

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THANK YOU

• THANK YOU