HISTORY OF AMERICAN SPORT

1
HISTORY OF AMERICAN SPORT
2
(No Transcript)
3
(No Transcript)
4
The history of u.s. sport

• Ancient games
• -Baggataway/Lacrosse
• Arrival of the europeans
• -Baseball
• Rationalisation phase
• -American Football
• New image and isolation
• -Basketball
• Sport and the commodity

5
ADMINISTRATION OF USA SPORT
6
Administration of sport in the u.s.a.

• Decentralized administration with autonomous
  governing bodies
• powerful professional sports, with considerable
  public support, franchises commercial
  organisation
• commercial sponsorship and major media
• influence- private sector is the key

7
Administration of sport in the u.s.a.

• lombardian win at all costs ethic rising through
  professionalism and capitalism
• strong and growing counter culture movement- rise
  of lifetime and eco sport
• college tradition acts as a sponsored nursery for
  professional and olympic performers
• strong amateur sector but almost exclusively in
  education- 50 of 18 year olds in h.e. not a
  strong club system-recreational sport limited to
  park and beach

8
Sport in the united states of america-THE BIG 4
SPORTS
9
BASEBALL
10
BASKETBALL
11
ICE HOCKEY
12
AMERICAN FOOTBALL
13
PROFESSIONAL (ELITE) SPORT
14
The History of USA Sport

• 1) Ancient games baggataway / lacrosse existing
  culture only one survived
• 2) Arrival of the Europeans
• Baseball
• 3) Rationalisation phase
• American Football
• 4) New image and isolation
• Basketball

15

• USA broke links with Europe through the world
  series only American teams take part.
• We are copying them Americanisation
• Market
• TV
• Adverts
• Fire works
• Pom Pom
• Drive on buggies with
• kicking tees.

16
(No Transcript)
17
North American Sports

• Sports most technically advanced in the world
• Sports stars are the richest in the world
• Sports mad public large audience
• World champions in a number of sports
• Americanisation spreading through out global sport

18

• Decentralised administration with autonomous
  governing bodies
• NFL has more money than the White House
• Powerful professional support from the public.
• The big four sports no Sunday pub league teams
• Commercial sponsorship major media influence
• Lomardian win at all cost

19

• College tradition acts as a sponsored nursery for
  professional Olympic performers.
• Recreation limited to park beach
• Strong growing outdoor culture movement rise in
  eco sports (outdoor ed)
• Strong amateur sector but almost exclusively in
  education.
• 50 of 18 year olds in HE
• Draft college team to professional
• The worst team at the end of the year gets to
  pick the best for next year.
• No Manchester United

20
Professional
Sports Administration
Grass Roots
21
Ethics in North American sport

• Lomardian Ethic
• Vince Lombardi American football coach in the
  50s
• His win at all costs
• Going against the
• idea of sportsmanship

22
(No Transcript)
23

• Success demands singleness of purpose.""Some of
  us will do our jobs well and some will not, but
  we will be judged by only one thing-the
  result.""Winning is not a sometime thing it's
  an all the time thing. You don't win once in a
  while you don't do the right thing once in a
  while you do them right all the time. Winning is
  a habit. Unfortunately, so is losing.""Winning
  isn't everything--but wanting to win is.""It's
  easy to have faith in yourself and have
  discipline when you're a winner, when you're
  number one. What you've got to have is faith and
  discipline when you're not yet a winner.""I
  firmly believe that any man's finest hour, the
  greatest fulfillment of all that he holds dear,
  is the moment when he has worked his heart out in
  a good cause and lies exhausted on the field of
  battle-victorious."

24
The Radical Ethic

• Winning is important but not at all costs.
• There is a value in the means by which victory is
  achieved.
• Product of Christian European culture
• The value gained from participation was
  considered a full justification for physical
  activity.

25
Counter Cultural Ethic

• The process is all that matters
• Winning is irrelevant other than as a reflection
  of the quality of effort.
• Participation as the main motivation
• Everyone is a winner simply by taking part.

26
Summary

• Lomardian-Outcome is valued above the means of
  achievement
• Radical Ethic Both outcome and process are
  equally valued. Without the former being
  achieved at the expense of the latter
• Counter-Cultural-The process or experience is
  valued more highly than the outcome

27
THE HISTORY OF PROFESSIONAL SPORT

• Baseball and Boxing were the peoples sport long
  before Football and Basketball became
  professional.
• Golf and Horse Racing were also established early
  as professional sports although neither of them
  featured prominently at collegiate level.
• Baseball was established well before the end of
  the 19th century with the first World series
  being played in 1903

28
BASEBALL AND BOXING

• Distinct parallel with Rugby in the U.K. occurred
  in 1869.Cincinnati Red Socks became professional
  as a result of the no compensation policy of
  the NABP. The NABP were therefore forced to
  accommodate professional clubs within its
  ranks.By the mid 1880s agreements were in place
  which became the model for professional Baseball
  and for other sports as well.
• The roots of both Baseball and Boxing lay in the
  masses who populated the Eastern and Central
  States.

29
(No Transcript)
30

• Baseball was popular at the grass roots level
  rather like soccer in the U.K. Boxing existed on
  the other hand as the noble art of self-
  defence and was firmly entrenched as a middle
  class manly pursuit. However to many young men
  from poor backgrounds, it also became the
  passport to a better life.

31
FOOTBALL AND BASKETBALL

• Professional Football and Basketball did not
  really emerge until the mid 1930s and were
  distinct from Baseball in that their roots were
  firmly established within the Collegiate System.
• Football had begun in the 1890s but the American
  Professional Football Association was not formed
  until 1920 with 11 clubs which would shortly
  become the NFL. Big city clubs have always
  dominated the game.

32

• An early success in professional sport was the
  American Basketball League founded in 1925 but
  soon discontinued. Its successor, The National
  Basketball League (NBL) was formed in 1938 and
  later became the NBA.

33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42
(No Transcript)
43
(No Transcript)
44
THE STRUCTURE OF PROFESSIONAL SPORT

• Professional sport in the U.S.A. still has as its
  centre BASEBALL, BASKETBALL and FOOTBALL. ICE
  HOCKEY is popular in the Northern states.
• Modern technology now allows FRANCHISES ( Team
  Headquarters) to be moved to such places as Texas
  and California, where historically, there are no
  connections other than financial ones.
• Most team sports are organised into
  conferences(as in college sport) or leagues with
  American or National usually being the 1st word
  of their title.

45
(No Transcript)
46
(No Transcript)
47

• This structure occurs in all 4 major sports. The
  strangely named WORLD SERIES in both Basketball
  and Baseball reflects a wish that this really
  was the case and the influence of the marketing
  Hype intent on convincing the TV audiences that
  their own sports really are world class.
• The college system with its scholarships and high
  profile image serves as a proving ground for
  would-be professional sportsmen and women who
  want to make a career in professional
  sport.Basketball and Football are the major
  Benefactors of this system.

Baseball Academy
48
NFL Camps
49

• Track and Field Athletics, which always had a
  high profile in college sport, now, also have a
  legitimate outlet into professional sport.

50
COMMERCIAL NATURE OF PROFESSIONAL SPORT

• Hand in hand with the rise of professional Sport
  has grown an increase level of Commercial
  interest and Investment.
• Professional Sportsmen/Women are used in every
  way imaginable to market products for an
  increasing Global market and earnings derived
  from such involvement often outstrip already huge
  sporting salaries.

Sponsorship- Michael Jordan
51
(No Transcript)
52

• The presentation of American team sports has been
  designed with business in mind.
• Short, sharp bursts of activity are followed by a
  break during team changes, conferences with
  coaches and change of innings etc. This allows
  breaks to be filled with short commercial hits
  from sponsors.

53
THE MEDIA AND PROFESSIONAL SPORT

• The media particularly TV, has enhanced the
  earning potential of sportsmen/women in two ways
• 1 The income derived by clubs/franchises from
  the sale of TV rights has allowed for
  considerable increases in salaries.
• 2 The role of sports stars as advertising bill
  boards has allowed valuable contracts to be
  secured both in sports related and other products.

54

• Rather more questionable is the degree to
  which-in return for their huge investment- Media
  companies (eg Robert Murdoch with Foxes) seek to
  gain control, not only of sports events, but
  clubs and their governing bodies.
• Media companies now own a considerable number of
  Americas leading sports teams/franchises.

55
THE STATUS OF PROFESSIONAL SPORT

• The status of professional sport in the U.S.A.
  generally has never been more firmly established.
  This is because it now serves not only sporting
  interests but commercial ones as well.
• Basketball, Football, Baseball and Ice Hockey are
  served up to a huge market. Ice Hockeys Stanley
  cup rivals both World series and the Superbowl in
  popularity.
• Sports stars are Feted wherever they go and as
  role models they have a huge influence on young
  peoples tastes in both sporting and wider
  markets.

56

• The status of sport and MEGA STARS is now such
  that they can influence considerably the spending
  habits of millions of people outside the
  immediate sporting culture of the nation.
• The great interest people have in sport means
  that it provides a market place for a huge range
  of goods and services. This market has an
  enormous influence on a global scale.

57
(No Transcript)
58
(No Transcript)
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
Americanisation in Global Sport

• Americanisation
• Where sport is seen as a commodity
• The market becomes the driving force in sport

62

• The sale of TV rights becomes the major source of
  sports funding.
• Broadcasting rights for NFL now worth 1.4
  billion a year

63
The Golden Triangle
T.V
EVENT
SPONSOR
64
Examples of influence

• Pay per view
• The entertainment package
• Endorsed Kit
• Selling the image