Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds

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Chapter 3 Carbon Compounds

• Organic compounds
• Mostly made of carbon (C)

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Branched straight ring

• 1. Bond with other elements
• 2. Bonds with itself to form chains rings

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Macromolecules

• Monomer (building block) (subunit)
• Single unit of a chain
• Polymer (macromolecule)
• Monomers linked together to form a macromolecule

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Macromolecules

--gt
Large molecules formed by joining small molecules
together
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Condensation (dehydration) Rxn

• How monomers are linked to form polymers

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4 molecules of Life

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids
• Aka macromolecules

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What monomers make up the Biological Molecules?
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Carbohydrates

• Contain Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Store energy for cells.
• Animals store it as glycogen
• Plants store it as starch
• Make cellulose
• Important for cell wall stability

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• Monosaccharide simple sugar
• glucose
• Disaccharide 2 sugars linked
• Sucrose, lactose
• Polysaccharide 3 or more sugars
• Starch, glycogen

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Proteins

• Contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
  and nitrogen
• Made up of long chains of amino acid monomers
• Note There are 20 different amino acids that all
  share a similar structure

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Structure of Amino Acids

• 1. Carboxyl group (--COOH)
• 2. Amino group (--NH2)
• 3. A single H atom
• 4. A sidechain R group
• Every amino acid has a different R group.

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Formation of a Protein
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Proteins

• To join amino acids, link the amino group of one
  amino acid to the carboxyl group of another amino
  acid
• The bond between these groups is called the
  peptide bond.

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Proteins

• Examples of proteins
• Muscles
• Skin
• Enzymes
• Shape is very important in proteins
• Shape predicts function

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R groups

• The different R groups in amino acids is what
  gives proteins different shapes.
• The different shapes allow proteins to perform
  different functions.

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Enzymes

• Are organic molecules (proteins) that act as
  catalysts.
• Catalyst- something that speeds up a chemical
  reaction.
• Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the
  activation energy (Ea)

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Potential Energy Diagram
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Enzyme Action

• Enzymes bind to the substrate in chemical
  reactions.
• Substrate the reactant
• Active Site The area where the enzymes binds to
  substrate

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Lipids

• 3 fatty acids bonded to one glycerol
• Non-polar molecules
• do not dissolve in water

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Fatty Acids

• Fatty acids are carbon/hydrogen chains that make
  up most lipids
• Tail (-CH) chain is hydrophobic
• Head- carboxyl group is hydrophobic

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Fatty Acid structure
Head (water-loving) hydrophilic
Tail (water-fearing) hydrophobic
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Saturated Fatty Acids

• Saturated Fatty Acids
• every carbon is bonded to four atoms. (No double
  bonds)

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Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• Double bonds exist!

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Types of Lipids

• Triglyceride Most common lipid that are found
  in foods
• Phospholipids Lipids which make up the cell
  membrane
• Wax Structural lipid found in plants.
• Steroids hormones and cholesterol

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acid
• Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Phosphorous Nitrogen
• Two kinds
• DNA
• RNA

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

• Found in the nucleus
• Heredity material passed on during reproduction

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

• Found in the cytoplasm

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DNA/RNA structure

• Chain of repeating units called nucleotides
• Nucleotide has
• 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
• Phosphate group (PO4)
• Nitrogenous base