Todays Outline

1
Todays Outline

• Carbon
• Molecules of life
• 1. Carbohydrates
• 2. Proteins
• 3. Nucleic Acids
• 4. Lipids

2
Carbon is the basic lego of life
3
Organic Chemistry

• Organic molecules contain carbon
• Abundant in living organisms
• Macromolecules are large, complex organic
  molecules

4
Carbon

• Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell
• Needs 4 more electrons to fill the shell
• It can make up to 4 bonds
• Usually single or double bonds
• Carbon can form non-polar and polar bonds
• Molecules with non-polar bonds (like
  hydrocarbons) are poorly water soluble
• Molecules with polar bonds are more water soluble

5
(No Transcript)
6
Representations of Organic Molecules
7
Variations in Carbon Skeletons
8
Examples of Organic Molecules
Acetaminophen
Cholesterol
DDT
Vitamin C
MSG
Organic to a chemist does not mean organic to
an environmentalist!
9
Influence of Functional Groups

• The different functional groups attached to the
  same organic molecule cause the molecules to
  behave differently.
• Estradiol and testosterone are sex hormones found
  in vertebrates including humans.

10
Primary Functional Chemical Groups

• These groups have the tendency to function as
  units during chemical reactions
• These groups give specific chemical properties to
  those molecules that have them.

11
Structure and Functionof Macromolecules

• The Chemical Basis of Life

12
The Principles of Polymers

• List the four major classes of macromolecules.
• Distinguish between monomers and polymers.
• Draw diagrams to illustrate condensation and
  hydrolysis reactions.

13
Polymers
Know this

• What is a polymer?
• Poly many mer part. A polymer is a large
  molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units
  bonded together.
• What is a monomer?
• A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

14
A. Making and Breaking Polymers

• How are covalent linkages between monomers formed
  in the creation of organic polymers?
• Condensation or dehydration synthesis reactions.
• Monomers are covalently linked to one another
  through the removal of water.

15
Generalized Reaction
16
Condensation and Hydrolysis

• A condensation reaction is responsible for
  building large molecules.  An enzyme catalyzes
  the reaction between alcohol groups on adjacent
  monomer units (eg. glucose).  This results in the
  production of a polymer and a molecule of water.
• A hydrolysis reaction is responsible for breaking
  down large molecules (eg. digestion).  An enzyme
  weakens the bond between two parts of a polymer,
  allowing for the insertion of a water molecule
  into the bond.  This results in the production of
  monomers.

17
Dehydration Synthesis


H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
dimer H2O
Polymer H2O H2O
monomer
monomer
monomer
18
Hydrolysis
Know this


OH
H
OH
H
monomer
monomer
monomer
Polymer H2O H2O

• What is a hydrolysis reaction?
• Process of breaking down polymers into monomers.
• Hydro water lysis to cut / break
• Water is added and the breaking of the polymer
  occurs.

19
Four major types of organic molecules and
macromolecules

• Carbohydrates
• Sugars and starches
• Lipids
• Fats, steroids, cholesterol, waxes
• Proteins
• Includes enzymes
• Nucleic acids
• DNA and RNA

• Chemical or structural formulas (be able to
  recognize and identify pictures)
• Unique chemical characteristics of the group
• Biological significance

What you need to know about each group
20
Carbohydrates Serve as Fuel and Building Material
Know this

• Organic compounds in which there are twice as
  many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms

21
Carbohydrates

• How can you recognize them?
• 1 carbon 2 hydrogen 1 oxygen
• Formulas are multiples of CH2O
• Often (not always!) end in ose (glucose,
  sucrose, cellulose)
• Chemical properties
• Almost all are hydrophilic due to (-OH) groups
• Most dissolve readily in water but large sugars
  do not
• cellulose does not dissolve in water or else your
  jeans would melt if they got wet

22
Carbohydrates

• Monomers
• Called monosaccharides
• (ex. Glucose, fructose)
• Disaccharide
• Two monosaccharides joined together
• (ex. Sucrose glucose fructose)
• Polymers
• Long polymer chains made up of simple sugar
  monomers are called polysaccharides
• Starch in plants (made of glucose monomers)
• Glycogen in the liver of animals
• Cellulose as a structural support material in
  plants

23
Example of a Monosaccharide
24
Example of a Disaccharide
25
Example of a Polysaccharide
26
Carbohydrate Functions

• Provide energy source
• Glucose is the main fuel for cellular work
• Cells break down glucose to extract stored energy
• RESPIRATION
• Polysaccharides serve in stockpiling or
  storing energy for cellular work
• May be broken down when energy is needed
• Starch in plants/ Glycogen in animals

• Provide building materials in plants
• Provide structure and support
• Protect and stiffen plants allowing them to
  overcome gravity
• Make up cell walls of plants
• Ex. Cellulose
• Indigestible
• Aka Fiber

27
Lipids are a Diverse Group of Hydrophobic
Molecules
Know this

• Include animal fats, vegetable oils, cholesterol,
  pheromones, steroids

28
Lipids - General characteristics

• An extremely variable assortment of molecules
  that all tend to be insoluble in water. Lipids
  are classified into fats, which contain only
  carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen phospholipids,
  which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
  and phosphorous and steroids, which consist of
  interlocking rings.

29
Fats

• Formed from one molecule of glycerol (a short
  three-carbon alcohol) and three molecules of
  fatty acids, long chains of carbon with a
  carboxyl group (COOH) at the end.Unsaturated
  fats are those which have double bonds between
  the carbon atoms (the carbons share four
  electrons) of the long chain fatty acids.
  Saturated fats have no double bonds between any
  carbons in the long chain.

30
Phospholipids

• Found in the cell membrane. Like fats they
  consist of a glycerol molecule as the backbone,
  but one of the fatty acids is replaced by a short
  nitrogen molecule connected to a carbon of the
  glycerol molecule with a phosphate group.
• Two fatty acids do not mix with water, whereas
  the phosphate complex is polar and dissolves in
  water. Thus one end of the molecule is
  hydrophobic "water repelling," and the other end
  is hydrophilic "water loving."

31
Steroids

• Composed of four fused rings with various side
  chains extending from the rings. All steroids are
  synthesized from cholesterol. Common steroids are
  testosterone and estrogen.

32
Proteins have Many Structures and Many Functions
Know this
33
Proteins
Know this

• The enzymes that regulate chemical reactions in
  your body.
• Consists of one or more polypeptide chains folded
  and coiled into specific conformations

34
Polypeptide Chains

• Polymers of amino acids arranged in a specific
  linear sequence and linked by peptide bonds

35
B. Function

• Structural Support
• Storage (of amino acids)
• Transport (e.g. hemoglobin)
• Signaling (chemical messengers)
• Cellular response to chemical stimuli (receptor
  proteins)
• Movement (contractile proteins)
• Defense against foreign substances and disease
  causing organisms (antibodies)
• Catalysis of biochemical reactions (enzymes)

36
C. Properties

• Abundant 50 or more of cellular dry weight
• Vary extensively in structure unique 3D shape
  (conformation)
• Made up of 20 amino acid monomers in different
  amounts and combinations

37
D. Amino Acids - building block molecules of a
protein
Know this

• Structure Asymmetric carbon, alpha carbon,
  bonded to
• Hydrogen atom
• Amino group
• Carboxyl group
• Variable R group (side chain) specific to each aa

38
(No Transcript)
39
(No Transcript)
40
E. Polypeptide Chains - polymers formed when
amino acids polymerize
Know this

• Peptide bond Covalent bond formed by a
  condensation reaction that links the carboxyl
  group of one amino acid to the amino acid group
  of another
• Backbone - N C C N C C N -

41
Enzymes

• Proteins that speed up specific chemical
  reactions in cells

42
Enzymes

• Each enzyme speeds up or catalyzes a specific
  type of chemical reaction
• At any moment, the specific enzymes that are
  present and active determine which reactions
  occur
• Are NOT used up in the reactioncan be used over
  and over again.

43
Activation Energy
44
How do Enzymes work?

• Bends or distorts the reactants so their bonds
  are easier to break
• The correct functional groups are put into close
  proximity
• Holds reactants together at the right angle

45
Shape determines Function

• The reactant acted upon by the enzyme is called
  the SUBSTRATE
• The substrate fits into a particular region on
  the enzyme called the ACTIVE SITE
• The fit between active site and substrate is akin
  to a lock and key
• An enzymes shape is dependent upon its local
  environment
• Can denature if too hot or too acidic, etc

46
Nucleic Acids Store and Transmit Hereditary
Information
Know this
47
Create a Table Summary