I' Scientific Method

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I. Scientific Method

• A. 6 Steps
• 1). Observing using 1 or more of the 5 senses
  to look at objects / events.
• a. How old science was done.
• b. Measuring determining the dimensions of
  an object with a numerical value.
• 2). Hypothesis a testable statement.
• 3). Experiment procedure to test the
  hypothesis.

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• a. Test only 1 variable at a time
• 1. Why? ? know which variable is causing
  the result.
• 2. Independent variable variable that is
  changed in the experiment.
• a. Ex time, water amount, fertilizer,
  antibiotic, etc.
• 3. Dependent variable variable that is
  measured.
• a. Ex height, time, etc.

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• 4. Controlled variable variable that
  could be changed, but is held constant.
• 4). Results measured end products of your
  experiment.
• 5). Analysis determining if results
  support/refute the hypothesis.

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• a. Ex interpreting graphs
• b. Organizing data ? placing results in a
  graph, chart, table, or map.
• 6). Conclusion basic bottom line of
  experiment using hypothesis and results.
• B. Do Scientist communicate?
• 1). Yes, by conferences and scientific papers.
• 2). Communication allows scientists to build
  on the work of others.

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• C. Scientific sampling a small sample is used
  to represent an entire population
• II. Characteristics of Living Things
• A. These include the following
• 1). Made of units called cells.
• 2). They reproduce.
• 3). Based on universal genetic code (DNA)
• 4). Grow and develop.
• 5). Obtain use materials and energy.
• 6). Respond to their environment. (Behavior)
• 7). Maintain a stable internal environment.

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III. Microscopes instrument used for
magnification with high detail

• A. Types of microscopes
• 1). Dissecting microscope
• 2). Light microscope
• 3). Transmission electron microscope
  (TEM)
• a. Transmits a beam through a very thinly
  sliced specimen.
• 4). Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
• a. Scans the surface of an object with a
  beam of electrons, e-.

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• B. Parts and Functions
• Parts Functions
• 1). Eyepiece/ocular magnifies serves as
  a place to view specimens
• 2). Body tube Area for light path
• 3). Revolving Turns allowing nosepiece
  differing objective lenses to be used
• 4). Objective lenses Holds lenses with
  different magnification
• 5). Stage Support for the slide or
  specimen
• 6). Stage clips Prevents the slide from
  moving.

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• Parts Functions
• 7). Arm Used to carry the microscope
• 8). Base Supports the entire microscope
• 9). Inclination Joint Allows the microscope
  to be angled
• 10).Light Source Mirror or fluorescent
  bulb
• 11). Coarse Adjustment Allows for basic
  Knob focusing
• 12). Fine Adjustment Allows for fine Knob
  focusing
• 13). Diaphragm Changes the light to
  adjust contrast
• 14). Condenser Concentrates light into a
  smaller beam

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• C. Other Characteristics
• 1). Total magnification of a microscope
• a. Total magnification ocular mag. X
  objective mag.
• b. Ex 400X 10X X 40X
• 2). Field of view patterns
• a. As magnification increases, field of
  view decreases
• b. Specimen is upside down and backwards
  through ocular