ENV2D06: Non Renewable Resources

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ENV-2D06 Non Renewable Resources 2004
2. COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Keith Tovey Energy Science Director CRed Project
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COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES

• 2.1. RESOURCES FOR NON-ENERGY USE
• For Non-Energy Uses, the ultimate resource of a
  element is fixed and finite. Geological process
  may transform minerals, but frequently at a time
  scale far too long to be called Renewable
• It may not be possible to extract a particular
  resource. This limitation is primarily from
  economic, political, social and/or environmental
  considerations. There may be technical problems,
  but not technical limitations with very low grade
  ores.
• Materials derived from such minerals can be
  REUSED and/or RE-CYCLED. In theory all the
  material could be re-cycled

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COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES

• 2.2. RESOURCES FOR ENERGY USE.
• 1) The Fossil Fuels can be considered in a
  similar way to other Resources. For Energy uses
  we are interested in the Energy Content of the
  Fuel.
• In theory, the Fossil Fuels are renewable, but
  their use is far from SUSTAINABLE
• large quantities of "NON-RENEWABLE" FOSSIL FUELS
• substantial energy sources from NUCLEAR ENERGY,
• major fluxes of "RENEWABLE" SOURCES of ENERGY
• exceed by several magnitudes, the current use
  of ENERGY.
• 2) Unlike other "NON-RENEWABLE" RESOURCES, Energy
  Resources CANNOT be RE-USED or RE- CYCLED.
• The HEAT PUMP can recover some lost Energy.
  BUT we must use some energy to recover (recycle)
  this lost energy.

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COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES

• 2.2. RESOURCES FOR ENERGY USE (contd)
• 3) Energy in any one form may thus be equated to
  another form, but some forms of energy are MORE
  EQUAL than others.
• Electrical energy gt thermal energy 100
  efficient
• Thermal energy gt mechanical/electrical energy
  low efficiency
• 4) Grades of Energy
• HIGH GRADE- Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical
• MEDIUM GRADE- High Temperature Heat
• LOW GRADE- Low Temperature Heat
• All forms of Energy degenerate to Low Grade Heat

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COMPARISON WITH OTHER NON- RENEWABLE RESOURCES

• 2.2. RESOURCES FOR ENERGY USE (contd)
• ENERGY CONSERVATION is primarily concerned with
  MINIMISING the degradation of the GRADE of ENERGY
  (i.e. use HIGH GRADE forms wisely - not for low
  temperature heating!!).
• 5) To a limited extent LOW GRADE THERMAL ENERGY
  may be increased moderately in GRADE to Higher
  Temperature Heat using a HEAT PUMP.
• However, unlike the recycling of resources like
  glass, metals etc., where, in theory, no new
  resource is needed, we must expend some extra
  energy to enhance the GRADE of ENERGY.
• 6) FOSSIL FUELS are a HIGH GRADE SOURCE OF
  ENERGY which can be readily converted as and when
  we need to. Storage is easy, and the energy
  density (i.e. the energy stored per unit
  volume is high).

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ENV-2D06 Non Renewable Resources 2004
3. DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
Keith Tovey Energy Science Director CRed Project
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
Gas Consumption
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
Gas Consumption
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
Gas Consumption
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
Installed Capacity and Maximum Demand
Oil Crises
Miners Strikes
Power Cuts
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
Fuels used in Electricity Generation
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DEMAND for fossil FUELS in the UK
Per Capita Consumption (Watts)
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ENV-2D06 Non Renewable Resources 2004
4. History of the Electricity Supply Industry
Keith Tovey Energy Science Director CRed Project
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History of the Electricity Supply Industry

• Summary Points
• limited hydro resources - 2 at present
• coal dominant fuel throughout post war period but
  declining rapidly at present
• shift to oil following miner's strike of 1970,
  but this was short lived following oil crises
  apart from miner's strike in 1980s
• substantial move towards gas in 1990s at expense
  of coal and lesser extent oil.
• nuclear capacity is one sixth of total, but this
  generates over 25 of our electricity
• power cuts in 1950s and early 1960s led to
  massive power station building program - leading
  to over capacity even before oil crises hit.
• Move to larger and larger Power Stations
• 480 power stations at end of war
• gt 73 by 1990, but demand up 10 fold

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History of the Electricity Supply Industry

• Summary Points
• Number of stations now increasing.
• decisions for Oil fired stations in 1971.
• DRAX, Heysham II, Torness
• No new power station ordered
• CEGB submission for Sizewell.
• three new coal fired plant planned
• Fawley B, West Burton B, and Kingsnorth B,
• 1990 Relaxation of EC rules over the use of GAS
  for power generation Current policies mean that
  on Gas stations have been built since 1990 apart
  from a few small stations.
• However, we have once again overshot!
• Effects of the over-ordering in the 1970s will be
  seen well into next century!!

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History of the Electricity Supply Industry

• 4.2 Pre-Privatisation
• all generation in England and Wales was done by
  CEB until 1955 and from then the CEGB. Neither
  body actual sold electricity to consumers
• Electricity generated was distributed and sold by
  12 Area Boards - the fore-runners of the RECs
  (Regional Electricity Companies).
• In Scotland there were 2 Electricity Boards -
  SSEB and NSHB who generated and distributed
  electricity.
• 4.3 Post Privatisation - early 1990s (England
  and Wales only)
• GENERATION CEGB divided into
• ? PowerGen
• ? National Power
• ? Nuclear Electric which was divided further in
  to Magnox Electric and British Energy in 1996.
  Magnox Electric is now part of BNFL (and remains
  in State Control).

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History of the Electricity Supply Industry

• 4.3 Post Privatisation
• Electricity POOL established 1st April 1990
• Replaced by NETA 27th March 2001
• To be replaced by BETTA Spring 2005.
• Deregulation 1998
• 4.4 Last 5 years
• Many sales and purchases of Electricity Companies
• Some are now vertically integrated
• Others are demerging into component parts
• generation, distribution, supply, meter
  reading
• National Grid - responsible for bulk purchase and
  supply of electricity to Suppliers