Technical Definition of Paper

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Technical Definition of Paper

• Sheet of material which is
• composed of discrete, individual fibers
• i.e. textiles are composed of predominantly
  continuous fibers or filaments
• made from a suspension in water
• not an organic solvent, such as toluene
• formed on a screen or sieve
• utilizes mechanism of filtration

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Paper-like Materials

• Many paper like materials have been used
• Papyrus (layers of water reed)
• Parchment (animal skins)
• Woven Cloth
• Papyrus
• Cross-hatched mat made of layers of payprus plant
• Originated in Egypt (Nile river)
• Used by an for over 4000 years!
• Word paper is derived from papyrus

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Papyrus
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Paper-like Materials

• 2. Parchement
• Cleaned, dried, and shaved animal skins to a very
  thin layer
• Originated in Asia Minor as an alternative to
  papyrus
• Declaration of Independence US Constitution, and
  Bill of Rights all originally printed on
  parchement (National Archives and Records
  Administration, Washington DC)

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Declaration of Independence
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(No Transcript)
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Paper-like Materials

• 3. Woven cloth
• Introduced as early communication medium in China
• Treated so that it could be printed or written on
• Paper-like materials all very labor intensive

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Brief History of Pulping and Papermaking

• Actual paper invented in China 105 AD
• Credited to Tsai Lun
• Made from boiled and macerated vegetable fibers
• Possible fibers used
• Bamboo
• China grass
• Hemp
• Mulberry plant bark

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Brief History of Pulping and Papermaking
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Brief History of Pulping and Papermaking

• Printing also developed in China
• About 770 AD
• First printing used carved wooden blocks
• Persisted until early 1600s
• Paper and Printing were keys to development of
  modern civilization
• Chinese culture played a major role

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Brief History of Pulping and Papermaking

• Key Dates
• 800-900 Arab invasion of China spreads
  papermaking to Middle East
• 1100 papermaking introduced in Europe
• 1690 first papermill in United States
• Wissahickon Creek, PA (Rittenhouse/Bradford mill)
• 1719 first known use of wood fiber in papermaking

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Brief History of Pulping and Papermaking

• Key Dates
• 1796 Nicolas-Louis Robert invents first
  papermachine in France

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Brief History of Pulping and Papermaking

• Key Dates
• 1803 Fourdrinier Brothers hire Bryan Donkin to
  develop a workable papermachine from Roberts
  concept

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Brief History of Pulping and Papermaking

• Key Dates
• 1854 Soda pulping process invented
• 1850 - 1950s Fourdrinier machine underwent
  major developments and improvements
• 1866 Sulfite pulping process invented in US by
  Benjamin Tilghman
• 1879 Kraft pulping process invented in Germany
  by C.F. Dahl
• 1911 First Kraft pulp mill in US - Pensacola, FL
• 1936 First Weyerhaeuser paper mill in Longview,
  WA
• 1950 First twin-wire papermachine was invented

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Key Industry Associations

• TAPPI - Technical Association of the Pulp and
  Paper Industry
• Major industry association based in US
• www.tappi.org
• AF PA - American Forest and Paper Association
• Industry business, advocate, and lobby group
• www.afandpa.org
• PIRA International
• UK-based technical and business association
• www.pira.co.uk