THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY MEDICINE

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THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY MEDICINE
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• Grouping of medical men based on their principles
• Important personalities during that period
• Development of different aspects of medicine

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• The whole of eighteenth century
  medicine was marked by a plethora of theories
  and hypothesis concerning
• The nature of disease
• The causation of disease

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• The royal touch was loosing its theraputic
  efficacy, witchcraft and astrology were slowly
  dying out and giving way to more humane and
  rational explanations as to theory and causation
  of the disease

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• Hahnemann in his essay on the PRESENT WANT OF
  FOREIGN SUBSTANCES (1808) described about the
  methods of cure and system of medicine during
  eighteenth century

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• The method of treatment by scouring out the
  bowels and stomach
• The method of treatment which thinks that it has
  always to do with debility
• The method by which the diseased body is
  regarded as chemically decomposed mass which must
  be restored to proper chemical condition by
  chemicals

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• There was absolute chaos, no interpretations, no
  general principles, no law guiding therapeutics,
  no planned method of investigation of action of
  drugs on healthy human beings though great
  advances in sciences were affected

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• Each men wanted to explain the universe from his
  on view and conveniently forgotten that his idea
  is one sided
• So there developed materialism, mechanism,
  magnetism, vitalism, naturalism,dogmatism,emperism
  , etc

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DOGMATIST rationalist

• Fundemental principle of dogmatist was that we
  cannot cure a disease unless we know its cause
• They theorised on the nature of changes brought
  about in the body in the diseased condition and
  the nature of actions on the human body
• That naturally lead to become more subjective
• This mental attitude developed a propensity to
  find a cause or causes of disease

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• BUT ERROR CREEPS IN
• when one casual factor out of an indefinite
  number is considered
• Or an imaginary casual factor are taken into
  account as the cause
• And attempts made to remove or antidote
• REMOVAL OF THE CAUSE WILL LEAD TO THE
  REMOVAL OF THE EFFECTS WHICH GO BY THE NAME OF
  THE DISEASE

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EMPERICS

• It is the school of experiment and experience
• Emperical knowledge is based on that what he
  takes its data from the reports of senses and
  does not allow the reason to play over it
• An emperic does not apply his eye of mind to what
  he observes with his experience
• Thus chance and accidental experiment have always
  been the source of discovery of curative medicine
  
• This can never be a scientific method
• A REALLY SCIENTIFIC MAN MUST BE AN
  ACCURATE OBSERVER BUT HE MUST BE MORE THAN A MERE
  EMPERIST

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METHODIST ROUTINIST

• Between the emperics on one side and dogmatist on
  other side developed a new
• The knowledge of no cause whatever bears the
  relation to the method of cure
• According to them knowledge of some general
  symptom is sufficient
• they differed from emperics in
  holding experiment to be of comparatively of
  little value and from the rationalist in
  disallowing conjunctures about the hidden cause
  of the disease

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IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
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SIR ISSAC NEWTON 1642 -1727

• He was not concerned directly with medicine .But
  his contribution is reflected in all fields

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LINNAEUS 1707-1778

• Introduced binomial method of classification
• It brings order and uniformity in place of
  diversity
• SYSTEMA NATURE was his famous book

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GEORGE ERNEST STAHL 1660-1734

• He discarded chemistry ,physics and anatomy etc
• He did not admit DESCARTES theory that soul and
  body are separated
• His opinion is that soul and body are blended
  together and the source of all vital movement was
  the soul and anima

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JOSEPH BARTHEZ

• He introduced new conception of vital principle

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FREDERIC HOFFMAN1600-1742

• His system of medicine was based the belief that
  universe was pervaded by a vital substance
• This substance is finer than all other matter but
  not exactly spirit , soul or mind
• All the universe are in a state of tonic
  equilibrium

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JOHN BROWN 1735 -1788

• Brounonian system of thought was depended upon
  continuous stimulation
• The stimulants were warmth, food, muscular
  movements, intellectual energy, emotion, etc
• The disease was the result of excess or
  deficiency of the stimulation
• He classified disease into asthenic and sthenic
• The treatment were aimed to apply large doses of
  medicine

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SAMUEL HAHNEMAN
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HERMAN BOERHAAVE

• He placed the patient in the centre of picture
  and favored more observation than argument
• His works ----INSTITUTIONES MEDICAE
  APHORISMI
• INDEX PLANETORIUM

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WILLIAM CULLEN

• He was a lecturer in chemistry, botany, materia
  media and physics
• FIRST LINES OF PRACTICE OF PHYSIC was his
  contribution

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ROBERT WHYTT

• He was first to localize the seat of reflex
  action in the spinal cord
• His description about the tuberculousmeningitis
  and diphtheria are medical classics

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JOHN PRINGLE

• He was a M.D of layden and appointed as professor
  of medical philosophy
• It was his opinion that military hospitals on
  both sides should be considered as sanctuaries
  and should be protected on both sides
• This eventually led to the development of RED
  CROSS

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JAMES LIND 17161794

• He was a surgeon
• He wrote a book on TREATISE ON SCURVY

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WILLIAM SMILEY 1697 -1763

• Introduced ENGLISH LOCK system
• Pelvic curvature was identified by him and
  introduced double curvature to the long forceps
• His MIDWIFERRY was the first book to lay down the
  safe rules for using forceps and for
  differentiating contracted pelvis by actual
  measurement

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JOHN HUNTER 17281793

• He was a man of composite worker and his work was
  many sided
• He described the ramification of olfactory nerve
  in the nose, the arterial supply of the gravid
  uterus and discovered the lachrymal ducts in man
  and many features of the lymphatic system
• During his period surgery began to take its place
  as a branch of scientific medicine

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• His observation on the collateral circulation led
  to his method of treating aneurism
• He described shock, phlebitis, intussusceptions,
  inflammations, gunshot wounds and surgical
  diseases of vascular system
• He differentiated between hard chancre and
  chancroid chancre
• He dissected and differentiated 500 different
  species of animals

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GIOVANNI BATTISTA MORGAGNI

• He was the famous pathologist
• He studied under valsalva at bologna
• He correlated anatomy with pathology and with
  clinical medicine
• He gave the first description of cardiac valves,
  syphilitic aneurism, tuberculosis of kidney,
  first recorded case of cardiac attack and
  morgagnian cataract

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• SIR ISSAC NEWTON 1642 -1727
• LINNAEUS 1707-1778
• GEORGE ERNEST STAHL 1660-1734
• JOSEPH BARTHEZ
  FREDERIC HOFFMAN JOHN BROWN 1735
  -1788 SAMUEL HAHNEMAN
• HERMAN BOERHAAVE
  WILLIAM CULLEN
• ROBERT WHYTT
  JOHN PRINGLE
• WILLIAM SMILEY 1697 -1763
  JAMES LIND
• JOHN HUNTER 17281793 GIOVANNI BATTISTA
  MORGAGNI

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Development of different aspects of medicine
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STETHOSCOPE

• LAENNEC described stethoscope
• It was a cylinder of wood perforated by a bore
  and hollowed out into a funnel at one of its
  extremities
• He described the different sounds produced by it
  as bronchophony, aegophony, whispering
  pectoriloque etc

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PUBLIC HEALTH

• Public health and hygiene began to attract the
  attention
• Bernadino ramazani wrote the first book on
  occupational disease
• John frank was the one who suggest that govt
  should be responsible for the health of the
  people

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VACCINATION

• Inoculation which was practiced in east was
  popularized in England
• JENNER observed that those who became infected
  with cowpox did not become infected with smallpox
  
• In 1796 he performed first vaccination

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• Discovery of the value of digitalis as a remedy
  for dropsy and for heart disease is valuable for
  a general practitioner

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