QUIZ 2

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QUIZ 2

• ID pleaseanyone not have?
• Pencil Student ID bubbles on Scantron NOW
• Name and ID on all three items
• Your Section is?
• Remove temptation eyes ahead
• Return 1 hr from start time Stay put in last 5
  min
• Leave by front doorsone trip only to leave
• PENS DOWN when stop time is announced.
• Put question and scantron sheet inside booklet
• Wait until TA or me appears at your row to
  collect
• Stay quietly in seats until all quizzes are
  collected

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2130 Personality Psychology Know Thyself

• Professor Ian McGregor
• Lecture 5 Goal Dynamics
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vupenR6n7xWY

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Lecture Overview

• PxE of Aggression
• Priming and Frustration
• Experimental Evidence
• Goal Theory
• Approach-Avoid dispositions and states
• Goal Conflict
• Displacement behaviors, ideals, anger
• Automatic goals, displacement, transference,
  mystery moods, preocc.

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Exampes of Aggression
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Person P of Aggression
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Environment E of Aggression

• Situational Priming
• Of aggressive responses
• Of aggressive goals?
• Frustration to Aggression
• Motivated belief about the target of aggression
  (deserve it)
• Motivated belief about need for aggression (teach
  lesson)
• Why does aggression feel good after frustration?

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Aggressive P x E Prime(Idealized results
from Bushman, 1995 Anderson Dill, 2000)
P x E interaction
P (Personality)
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Aggressive P x E Frustration (Idealized
results from Bushman Baumeister, 1998)
P x E interaction
P
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HECTOR Approach Approach
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OSCAR Approach Avoidance
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Pavlov (1927)Classical Conditioning US, UR, CS,
CR
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Pavlov (1927)Motivational Ambiguity Caused
Distress
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Lewin (1935)Goal Conflict Made Toddlers Stubborn
and Angry
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Goal Theory
Murray
From drives and motives, to approach and
avoidance goals
Ivan Pavlov
Kurt Lewin
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Definition of a Goal

• Not merely a stimulus, nor a response. Rather, it
  is the combination of a stimulus and a motivated
  behavioural orientation to respond by approaching
  or avoiding that stimulus.
• Rats do not learn responses, they learn goals.
  Block their original response to a stimulus, and
  they will immediately adopt a new means of
  achieving the same goal.

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Ideals As Abstract Goals (Carver Scheier
Powers Higgins Vallacher Wegner)
Ideals, Meanings, Values, Worldviews, Self-Guides
Concrete Goals
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Approach and Avoidance Personalities and States

• Extraversion vs. Neuroticism (Eysenck)
• Promotion-focus for approach goals
• Orientation toward positive incentives to
  approach
• Focus on ideal states to be attained
• Excitatory tendencies go for itpositive
  feelings
• Goal Shieldingnarrow focus of attention
  locked and loaded
• Relative left cerebral hemisphericity (early
  lesion studies)
• Prevention-focus and avoidance goals
• Orientation toward negative states to be avoided
• Focus on responsibilities, duties, and what one
  ought to do to avoid distress
• Inhibitory tendencies be carefulnegative
  feelings
• Vigilanceand rumination about threats and
  vulnerabilities
• Relative right cerebral hemisphericity (early
  lesion studies)

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Goal Conflict and Uncertainty

• Jeffrey Gray Neuropsych of Anxiety
• Inhibition of focal goal
• Anxiety to discourage persistence
• Vigilance for alternatives

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Goal RegulationApproach
Uh-Oh! Oh No! Approach /Avoid Anxious
vigilance Scans for viable alternatives Resume
eager absorption in approach
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Eager Displacement Goals
Eager Displacement Ideals?
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Ideals As Abstract Goals (Carver Scheier
Powers Higgins Vallacher Wegner)
Ideals, Meanings, Values, Worldviews, Self-Guides
Concrete Goals
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Angry Approach

• Recall the avoidance is associated with
• Anxious vigilanceand rumination about threats
  and vulnerabilities (feels bad)
• But approach is associated with goal shielding
  and positive affectonly notice things related to
  goal
• Strongly engaging an approach goal may be one way
  to protect self from anxiety of threats
• Aggression is approach-orientedi.e., one must
  move toward something to hit it
• This can explain the dog and toddler tantrums,
  and aggressive responses to frustration
• Angry approach (i.e., of anger) shields one from
  distress of conflict, uncertainty, and
  frustration

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Automatic Goal Priming with Friendlyvs.
Achievement Theme Puzzles
Achieve, Building, Turtle, Compete, Win, Green,
Succeed, Staple, Plant, Strive, Attain, Lamp,
Master
Accepted, Building, Turtle, Affection, Caring,
Green, Included, Staple, Plant, Liked, Loved,
Lamp, Supported
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Automatic (i.e., Unconscious) Goals

• Automaticity of everyday life (Bargh)
• schemas and goal priming
• Early priming studies
• Shock a learner, rude in conversation, prof.
  performance
• Goal Activation and Persistence
• Lewins students Zeigarnik and Ovsiankina
  effects over time
• Cooperation vs. achievement primes and playing to
  win
• Cheating on 2-minute scrabble task
• Goal resumption after blown bulb (instead of
  reviewing jokes)
• Mystery moods
• Goal Shielding
• Automatic Inhibition of Fulfilled Goals (see next
  slide)
• Watch for aggression word (reward for noting when
  it appears)
• Lexical Decision Task

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Automatic Inhibition of Stimuli Related to
Fulfilled Goals(from Forster, Liberman,
Higgins, 2005)
Fast
Goal Shielding
Slow
This is the most important finding. After the
goal is completed, stimuli related to the
completed goal are shielded or inhibited (i.e.,
slow to be recognized).