MORALITY

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MORALITY

• As we age and become more complex, we begin to
  view issues differently
• what is right and wrong?
• BIG difference seen between children and adults

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MORALITY

• Children something is wrong if you are punished
  for it
• Adults just know something is wrong, even if
  they get away with it and the opposite
• kids with breaking things lt6

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MORALITY

• Many changes during adolescence.
• Transition from childhood to adulthood
• girls in N. America 12-13
• boys 13-15
• the end is harder to identify

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MORALITY

• Still closely tied to the parents with more
  independence than ever
• start turning out to society
• Hormones rewire the brain

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MORALITY

• Lawrence Kohlberg
• also distinct stages of moral reasoning
• evaluate the reasoning behind moral decisions!
• We all start at a low level of morals

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Lawrence Kohlberg
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MORALITY

• Moral dilemmas- developed by Kohlberg to see what
  level of morals you have
• there is no such thing as a moral or immoral
  DECISION, but moral or immoral REASONS
• BOYS

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Kohlbergs Method

• In order to determine which stage of moral
  development a person was at, Kohlberg presented
  the person with moral dilemmas
• The Case of Heinz and the Druggist.
• Mr. Heinz's wife is dying. There is one drug that
  will save her life but it is very expensive. The
  druggist will not lower the price so that Mr.
  Heinz can buy it to save his wife's life. What
  should he do? More importantly, why?
• Moral dilemmas were judged, not according to the
  respondents position (to steal the drug or not),
  but on the basis of the kind of reasoning the
  answer exhibited.

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MORALITY

• FEW people are actually consistent
• Hypocrites
• many never reach level 6
• 25 of adults??
• women tend to lag

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• Kohlberg suggested a stage theory of moral
  development
• Preconventional Morality
• 1. Punishment-obedience
• 2. Personal reward orientation
• Conventional Morality
• 3. The good boy/nice girl Orientation
• 4. The law and order orientation
• Post-conventional Morality
• 5. Social contract orientation
• 6. Universal ethical principle orientation

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MORALITY

• PRECONVENTIONAL LEVELS
• 1. Punishment and obedience orientation
• wrong is punished
• immediate consequences
• Will I be punished?

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Kohlbergs Levels

• 2. Obey for your own benefit
• delayed benefits are taken into accountrewards!!
• people may help you down the road
• you scratch my back, Ill scratch yours.

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Kohlbergs Levels

• CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
• 3. Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation
• public opinion is the main basis of morals
• what will others think of me?

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Kohlbergs Levels

• 4. Law and Order Orientation
• you should respect and follow the law because it
  is the law
• no questions asked
• social order also important

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Kohlbergs Levels

• POSTCONVENTIONAL LEVEL
• 5. Social-Contract Orientation
• laws should be followed, but there should be
  flexibility
• majority can change
• what was it intended to do?
• the role of a husband/wife

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Kohlbergs Levels

• 6. Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
• laws can be broken in special cases - civil
  disobedience
• there are higher ethics like justice respect
  for human life

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Arguments Against

• He is not covering EVERYTHING
• do you actually do what you say you will do?
• Hypocrites!!!

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Arguments Against

• Discriminates against people who cant articulate
  themselves
• What about women?
• The caring vs. justice component

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Men vs. Women

• Carol Gilligan
• men rights and duties
• women caring is more important
• women want to hear the details of a situation

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• Carol Gilligan began with an interest in moral
  development
• She had been a teaching assistant for Erik
  Erikson
• particularly interested in issue Kohlberg raised
  why do some individuals recognize a higher moral
  law, while others simply are content to obey the
  rules without question?

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Gilligans Initial Research

• Her initial research -- draft resisters during
  the Vietnam war.
• Nixon cancelled draft just as her project was
  started.
• study women who made difficult moral choices
  about abortion.
• Not originally concerned about gender issue.

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Gilligans Criticism

• ABORTION
• Men right because womens right to choose, wrong
  because it takes a life
• Women it depends

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Gilligans Stages

• STAGE 1 PRECONVENTIONAL
• what is best/worst for me?
• STAGE 2 CONVENTIONAL
• what is best for others?

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Gilligans Stages

• 3. POSTCONVENTIONAL
• focus on the fact that hurting anyone, including
  oneself is immoral.
• Once again, REASONS matter

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Later Research...

• Males and females take justice and caring into
  account
• differences have never been substantiated
• TWO voices justice vs. caring

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Differences between Mens and Womens Moral Voices

• Men
• Justice
• Rights
• Treating everyone fairly and the same
• Apply rules impartially to everyone
• Responsibility toward abstract codes of conduct

• Women
• Care
• Responsibility
• Caring about everyones suffering
• Preserve emotional connectedness
• Responsibility toward real individuals