Predicting

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Predicting

• A strategy that begins PRIOR to reading and
  extends into POST reading discussions

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Making PredictionsWhy do it?

• To become a strategic, active reader by
• Activating prior knowledge about a topic
• Seeing causal relationships
• Making connections
• Forming images/visualizing

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Prediction Signals that help readers focus

• If the text contains
• A question
• A subheading
• Therefore

• You might predict youll find
• An answer
• Details that describe it
• A conclusion or outcome of previous text

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• If the text contains
• For example
• Such as
• For instance
• In fact
• To illustrate this point

• You might predict youll find
• One or more examples that illustrate the main
  point of the paragraph or text

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• If the text contains
• In other words
• That is
• Consists of
• Means

• You might predict youll find
• A definition or simpler explanation

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• If the text contains
• However
• But
• Whereas
• On the other hand
• In contrast
• In comparison
• Yet

• You might predict youll find
• A difference or unexpected outcome

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Finally

• If the text contains
• Just as
• Likewise
• Also
• Just like
• Similarly
• In the same way
• Moreover
• Furthermore

• You might predict youll find
• A continuation or comparison that shows
  similarities

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Predicting Non Fiction Text

• The Four P Process

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The Four P Processof Predicting

• Prior Knowledge
• Patterns/Text Structure
• Pictures? Graphs? Text Features?
• Prove your prediction with proof from the text

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Text features guide us through non fiction text

• Charts
• Diagrams
• Labels
• Pictures
• Captions

• Subheadings
• Font
• Bullets
• White space
• Layout

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Use the title, headings, pictures and graphics to
activate PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Heading
Subheading
Key Words
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Picture
Caption
Caption
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Label/heading
Graph
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Sample Prediction Organizer
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Text Structures/Organizational Patterns

• Advanced Signal Words

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CAUSE AND EFFECT

• The authors purpose is to write about
• Why something happens, i.e., the cause.
• And explain
• What happens because of the cause, i.e., the
  effect.

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SIGNAL WORDS

• Because
• Since
• Therefore
• Consequently
• As a result
• This led to

• So that
• Nevertheless
• Accordingly
• Ifthen
• Thus
• One reason for that
• For this reason

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CAUSE
Why?

• Drug abusers often start in upper elementary
  school. They experiment with a parents alcohol
  and enjoy its outcome. They keep doing this and
  become accustomed to the end result of alcohol

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EFFECT
What?

• Consequently, they start taking more and more
  of the alcohol to get the same level of buzz.
• As a result, the child turns to other forms of
  stimulation including marijuana.

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COMPARE AND CONTRAST

• To achieve his/her purpose, an author makes a
  comparison by telling how things, people, places
  or events are alike and contrasts them to tell
  how they are different.

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SIGNAL WORDS

• However
• Like
• Unlike
• Likewise
• Both
• As well as
• On the other hand
• Not onlybut also
• Eitheror while

• Although
• Unless
• Similarly
• Yet
• Nevertheless
• In contrast
• Too
• As opposed to
• Whereas

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Compare/Contrast

• Middle school gives students more autonomy than
  elementary school. While students are asked to
  be responsible for their learning in both levels,
  middle school students have more pressure to
  follow through on assignments on their own,
  rather than rely on adults.

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Both asked to be responsible for learning
More pressure to complete assignments and follow
through
Less pressure to complete assignments and follow
through
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PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

• The authors purpose is to write about a problem
  and give a solution.

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SIGNAL WORDS

• Issue
• Details
• Possibilities
• Trials
• Reasons
• Analysis
• Selection
• Result

• Text focus
• What is wrong and how it can be corrected
• What needs to be changed, improved, fixed
• Who is confronting problems

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PROBLEM

• The carrying capacity of a habitat refers to
  the amount of plant and animal life its resources
  can hold.
• For example, if there are only 80 pounds of food
  available and there are animals that together
  need more than 80 pounds of food to survive, one
  or more animals will die the habitat cant
  carry them.
• Humans have reduced many habitats carrying
  capacity such as housing development, road
  construction, dams, pollution, fires, and acid
  rain.

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SOLUTION

• So that they can maintain full carrying capacity
  in forest habitats, Congress has enacted
  legislation that protects endangered habitats
  from human development or impact.

• As a result, these areas have high carrying
  capacities and an abundance of plant and animal
  life.

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Problem Humans destroy habitats of animals and
plants through housing development, etc.
Solution Abundance of plant and animal life
Action Congress has enacted legislation that
protects endangered habitats from human
development
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SEQUENCE or TIME ORDER GOAL/ACTION/OUTCOME

• To achieve his/her purpose, the author arranges
  the facts in a special sequence or lists them in
  chronological or time order.

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SIGNAL WORDS

• On (date)
• Not long after
• Now
• As
• Before
• After
• When

• Since
• Until
• First
• Following
• At the same time
• Finally
• During
• At last

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Time Order

• Astronomy came a long way in the 1500s and
  1600s. In 1531, Halleys Comet appeared and
  caused great panic.
• Just twelve years later, however, Copernicus
  realized that the sun was the center of the solar
  system, not the Earth, and astronomy became a way
  to understand the natural world, not something to
  fear.

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• In the early part of the next century, Galileo
  made the first observations with a new instrument
  the telescope.
• A generation later, Sir Isaac Newton invented
  the reflecting telescope, a close cousin to what
  we use today.
• Halleys Comet returned in 1682 and it was
  treated as a scientific wonder, studied by Edmund
  Halley.

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Concept/DefinitionSignal Words

• Who
• What
• Where
• When
• Why
• How

• Text focus
• What something is or looks like
• How something can be described
• How something can be classified

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Proposition/SupportSignal Words

• Viewpoint
• Opinion
• Idea
• Hypothesis
• Theory
• Proof
• Evidence

• Text focus
• Why accept an opinion, theory, or hypothesis
• What viewpoint is expressed in an editorial or
  persuasion
• How conclusions are based on research results or
  studies

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Proposition/Support
Opinion Proof
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Resources

• Tovani, Chris, Do I Really Have to Teach Reading?
• Beers, Kylene, When Kids Cant Read What Teachers
  Can Do
• Zwiers, Jeff, Building Reading Comprehension
  Habits in Grades 6-12
• Strong, Silver, Perini Tuculescu, Reading for
  Academic Success
• Literacy First training materials