From Manuscript to Printing Press to Computer Chip Studying Early Music in Digital Format

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From Manuscript to Printing Press to
Computer ChipStudying Early Music in Digital
Format

• Susan Forscher Weiss
• Johns Hopkins University
• Ichiro Fujinaga
• McGill University

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Outline

• History Research Pedagogy
• Databases
• Computer Applications
• Conclusions / Future

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Music Research Pedagogy

• Old way
• Primary sources mss, prints (travel,
  permissions)
• Books, periodicals, microfilms, photocopies
• Slides, handouts, overhead transparencies
• Analog recordings, video, scores

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(No Transcript)
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Music Research Pedagogy

• Intermediate solutions
• Local database (on-line library catalogues)
• E-mail, mailing lists
• CD, DVD, CD-ROM

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Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM
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Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM
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Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM
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Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM
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Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM
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Peabody Renaissance CD-ROM
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Music Research Pedagogy

• New way
• Web-based courses
• Web databases
• Web resources
• Web portals

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Course Pages

• MusL 242 Music of the Middle Ages and
  Renaissance (C. Cyrus, Vanderbilt)
• MUSIC 310 Ancient and Medieval Music (T. Ward,
  UIUC)
• The Gregorian Chant Home Page(P. Jeffery,
  Princeton)
• Music 2223 Renaissance Music (G. Callon, Acadia)
• Music 610.311 Music History I (S. F. Weiss,
  Johns Hopkins)

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WebCT (S. Weiss)
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Wegman Demonstration of Borrowing
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Three Types of Databases

• General references
• Specialized metadata
• Music databases
• Indices
• Text
• Facsimile

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General references

• Grove Music Online

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Grove Music Online (2nd ed., opera, jazz)45,000
articles, 6000 contributors
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General references

• Grove Music Online
• RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature
  Musicales)

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Music article abstracts after 1996(329,000 items
from 6200 journals)
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General references

• Grove Music Online
• RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature
  Musicales)
• RISM (Répertoire International des Sources
  Musicales)

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Index to music manuscripts after 1600456,000
items by 18,000 composers
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General references

• Grove Music Online
• RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature
  Musicales)
• RISM (Répertoire International des Sources
  Musicales)
• RELICS (Renaissance Liturgical Imprints A Census)

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RELICS (books on worship, 13,882 entries)
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RELICS on MIRLYN
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General references

• Grove Music Online
• RILM (Répertoire International des Littérature
  Musicales)
• RISM (Répertoire International des Sources
  Musicales)
• RELICS (Renaissance Liturgical Imprints A Census)

• RIPM (Répertoire International de la Presse
  Musicales)
• Music Index
• International Index to the Performing Arts
• Online journals
• Early Music, Music Quarterly, etc.
• JSTOR (back issues all major music journals!)

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Early Music (Christopher Page)
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Specialized metadata Composers

• Dufay
• Hildegard of Bingen
• Ockeghem
• Josquin
• Dowland
• Lawes
• Machaut

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Machaut on the Web
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Specialized metadata Portals

• Classical Music Resources (Duke University)

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Classical Music Resources (Duke University)
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Specialized metadata Portals

• Classical Music Resources (Duke University)
• Cecilia (UK and Ireland)
• Ufficio Ricerca Fondi Musicali di Milano
• Early Music FAQ (medieval.org)

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Early Music FAQ (medieval.org)
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Early Music Composers (medieval.org)
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Specialized metadata Sound Recordings

• WorldCat (OCLC 1.7M recordings, 1.2M scores)
• SONIC (LC 2.5M recordings)
• National Sound Archives (BL 3M recordings)
• allclassical.com
• 100K albums
• 250K compositions
• 20K Medieval/Renaissance compositions
• amazon.com

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Music databases (indices)

• Themefinder (Stanford and Ohio State)

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(No Transcript)
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Music databases (indices)

• Themefinder (Stanford and Ohio State)
• CANTUS (U. of Western Ontario, Canada)

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CANTUS (200K entries from 50 sources)
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Music databases (text)

• Center for the History of Music Theory and
  Literature (Indiana)
• Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum (TML)
• Texts on Music in English (TME)
• Traités français sur la musique (TFM)
• Saggi musicali italiani (SMI)
• Thesaurus musicarum italicarum (TMI)

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Music databases (facsimile)

• Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia)

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Scribe database
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Music databases (facsimile)

• Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia)
• Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford)

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DIAMM (Oxford, Royal Holloway)
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Music databases (facsimile)

• Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia)
• Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford)
• Early English Books Online

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Early English Books Online (W. Byrd)
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Music databases (facsimile)

• Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia)
• Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford)
• Early English Books Online
• Dowland MS

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Dowland MS Project
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Music databases (facsimile)

• Scribe (La Trobe University, Australia)
• Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (Oxford)
• Early English Books Online
• Dowland MS
• Acadia Early Music Facsimile Archive

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Examples of Computer Applications in Early Music

• Analysis of notational signs in 12th C.
  manuscripts
• Comparison of motets with questionable
  attributions
• Transcription of tablatures
• Automatic fingering of English keyboard music
• Divergence study by superimposing scanned images
  of printed music
• Watermark study using digital image processing
• Virtual restoration of manuscripts

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Palimpsest Digital restorationCorpus Christi
College, Oxford MS 144
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Challenges and Solutions

• Challenges
• Three types of music information
• Metadata
• Symbolic (text, scores, MIDI)
• Audio
• Non-standards formats
• Disorganized Web
• Possible solutions
• Harvesting
• Web Services
• P2P audio distribution
• Optical music recognition

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Optical Music Recognition (OMR)

• Commercial software
• SmartScore
• SharpEye
• Finale Sibelius
• Shareware software
• OMeR
• Open-source software
• Gamera

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Thresholding(screenshot in Linux)
OMR Preprocessing
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Staff removal Lute tablature
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Staff removal Lute tablature (detail)
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Classifier Lute tablature
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Staff removal Neumes
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Classifier Neumes
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Conclusion / Future

• Full-text, full-search scores
• Public-domain recordings
• Music portals with search
• Weve come a long way
• but
• we still have a long way to go.