Westward Expansion

1
Westward Expansion

• Review Presentation

2
War of 1812/ Monroe Doctrine

• Losses at sea to the British, national pride, and
  desire to make the frontier safe from settlement,
  all led to the War of 1812.
• The Senate hoped to push Britain from North
  America and conquer Canada.
• Neither side won the war and the treaty at the
  end of the war solved nothing, but the Indian
  presence in the Ohio Valley was weakened and
  nation pride surged.
• After the war, the nation returned to
  isolationism with the new president, James Monroe
  and his Monroe Doctrine.
• It stated that the countries of the Americas were
  off limits to colonization from European powers.
  This showed new strength of the United States.

Sections 1 2
3
American Landscape in the Early 1800s

• Major geographic bodies (i.e. mountain ranges and
  river) divided the nation into regions
• Americans in different regions were very
  different in their culture and attitudes during
  this time period
• National pride connected all Americans.
• Pride in the new symbols of America grew, such as
  the new Capital and White House (which were
  burned in the War of 1812) and Uncle Sam
• Also pride in American ideals, of individualism
  and equality, spread

Section 3
4
Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal, and the Trail of
Tears
Sections 4, 5, 6

• Jackson was considered the peoples president,
  he was elected by mostly farmers, shopkeepers,
  and small business owners, many of which were
  voting for the first time, and not the wealthy
  elite.
• One of Jacksons policies was the removal of the
  Indians from the East.
• By the time he took the office of President, only
  125,000 Indians remained east of the Mississippi
  River. Most of these living in the South.
• In 1830, the Indian Removal Act was passed, which
  gave Jackson the right to make treaties with the
  tribes for their land. Groups who did not move
  west voluntarily, were forced by the military.
• In 1838, President Van Buren moved more than
  17,000 Cherokee Indians from Georgia to the
  Indian Territory. On the way, four thousand died.
  This was remembered as the Trail of Tears.

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Conquest of a Continent

• Manifest Destiny literally means obvious fate.
• In the 1800s, Manifest Destiny was the idea that
  the United States should stretch across the
  continent.
• By 1848, the country had tripled in size.

Section 7
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Louisiana Purchase

• Thousands of western farmers used the Mississippi
  River to transport their crops to market.
• They feared the French might close the port at
  New Orleans to American farmers.
• Jefferson sent Monroe to France to buy New
  Orleans for 7.5 million. The French counter was
  to buy the entire Louisiana Territory for 15
  million.
• Most Americans were happy with the purchase, but
  some thought it was an abuse of presidential
  powers.

Sections 8 9
7
Florida

• Andrew Jackson was sent into Florida by President
  Monroe to stop Seminole raiders, who terrorized
  Georgia.
• Jackson took almost every military post in the
  colony.
• Spain requested the withdrawal Jackson
• Monroe sent Spain an ultimatum, Govern or Get
  out. Spain sold Florida to the US for 5
  million.

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Texas/Texas Fights for Independence from Mexico
Sections 10 11

• Texas had great land for growing cotton, the most
  valuable crop in the South.
• American Stephen Austin brought 297 families to
  settle a colony given to him by the Mexican
  government.
• Tension grew between Mexicans and Americans
  quickly grew as more Americans flooded the
  territory.
• Texans also did not like living under the Mexican
  government which outlawed slavery and made all
  official documents only in Spanish.
• Soon Mexico decided to close its borders to
  American, which caused Texans to call for
  revolution.
• Austin, however, wanted a peaceful resolution,
  but was thrown in jail by the Dictator Santa Ana.
• After he was release war broke out between Texas
  and Santa Ana.
• The war did not last long and Texas quickly
  gained its independence.

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Oregon Trail and Oregon Fever
Section 12

• Oregon was jointly occupied by the British and
  Americans.
• A young trapper, named Jedediah Smith discovered
  a easy route through the Rocky Mountains in 1824.
• Soon, missionaries and settlers started heading
  west.
• News of Oregons fertile soil spread quickly and
  soon people started calling Oregon pioneers
  paradise.
• Over the course of two years, over 3000 pioneers
  settled Oregon.

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President Polk
Section 13

• Polk was a firm believer in Manifest Destiny.
• His campaign slogans were, All of Oregon or
  none! and Fifty-four forty or fight (which
  referred to the 54 parallel that marked the end
  of the Oregon Territory).
• After becoming president, he added Texas as the
  28th state, which came in as a slave holding
  state.
• He also negotiated a treaty with Great Britain to
  split the Oregon Territory. This kept the country
  from going to war for the territory.
• He then turned his sights toward California and
  New Mexico.

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War With Mexico
Section 14

• On April 25, 1846, a border skirmish between
  Mexican and American troop, caused Polk to call
  for war against Mexico.
• Polk sent an army to California to join forces
  with a rebellion that had started in the Mexican
  territory.
• Then he sent an army of 6,000 soldiers to
  Northern Mexico, which battled Santa Ana, who had
  20,000 men. The Americans won the battle.
• Then an army was sent to Veracruz. This army
  marched from the coast to Mexico City. By
  September, Mexico City was conquered.
• In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was
  signed which gave the U.S. Texas and an area
  known as the Mexican Cession, which included the
  states of California, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona,
  Utah, Wyoming, and New Mexico, for 15 million
  and a promise to protect Mexicans in these areas.

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Mexicano Contributions to the Southwest

• Mining- Taught Americans different mining
  techniques (gold panning, riffle boxing, removing
  gold from quartz, etc.) and found large deposits
  of copper and silver.
• Ranching- Branding, cowboys, rodeos, terminology,
  sheep, and longhorn cattle.
• Farming- Irrigation, grapes, dates, olives,
  apples, walnuts, pears, plums, peaches, apricots,
  quinces, lemons, limes, and oranges.
• Architecture- Thick adobe walls, tile roofs,
  patios, arches, and verandas.
• Laws- Mining laws, water laws, and community
  property law

Section 15
13
Lewis and Clark

• Public purpose was to friendly contact with
  Indian groups
• Failed in its main purpose to discover Northwest
  Passage for Thomas Jefferson
• Expedition brought back priceless information
  about the land US has bought
• Reached Pacific Ocean (8000 mile trek)
• Aided by Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, and other
  Native Americans, such as the Nez Perce
• Took 2 years and four months
• Influenced other explorers/adventurers such as
  Zebulon Pike

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Pike

• Traveled west over new territory like Lewis
  Clark
• Traveled the Southern portions of Louisiana
  Purchase
• Reported of Spanish wealth in the SW along the
  Rio Grande
• Called it the Great American Desert
• Part of his path woul dbecome the Santa Fe Trail

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Voices of the West

• The Californios
• Mountain Men
• Missionaries
• Women

• Mormons
• Chinese
• Explorers
• 49ers

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Voices of the West

• CALIFORNIOS
• Settlers followed Spanish Missionaries to
  California and were granted large pieces of land
  called Ranchos
• California belongs to Mexico (1821)
• Term for Spanish-speaking Californian
• Results in Spanish names, crops, ranching
• San Diego, Los Angeles, grapes, olives
• Cattle Ranching was main industry and part of
  culture

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Voices of the West

• FUR TRADERS/ MOUNTAIN MEN
• Explored much of the west
• Danger and Adventure, rugged individualists
• Trappers life was filled with hazards such as
  thieves, Indians, wolves, bears, exposure,
  weather, accidents
• Legacy of the Mountain Men They pioneered new
  trails, trading posts, personal journals

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Voices of the West

• MISSIONARIES
• Helped open Oregon territory to settlers
• In 1831 the Nez Perce traveled to St. Louis to
  learn about white man ways
• Marcus and Narcissa Whitman traveled the Oregon
  trail, mostly unsuccessful in converting the
  Cayuse.
• Instead, successful in convincing Americans of
  the wonders of Oregon Territory and bringing
  diseases to Western Native Americans

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Voices of the West

• WOMEN
• Had to keep house on the trail Cook, wash
  mend clothes, take care of the children while
  traveling 15-20 miles per day.
• Established schools, libraries, churches,
  literary societies, charitable groups in new
  settlements
• First American women to earn the right to vote in
  Wyoming Territory, 1869

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Voices of the West

• MORMONS
• Persecuted for religious beliefs, growing power
  and wealth.
• Violence erupted and Mormon leader Joseph Smith
  was killed in Illinois.
• Brigham Young sought a land where they could
  peacefully worshipLed them to Utah
• First Americans to settle in the great Basin.
  Learned new farming techniques in the dry region

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Voices of the West

• 49ers
• In 1848 James Marshall discovers something shiny
  in the water.
• By 1949 thousands of gold-seekers rushed to
  California.
• Journey was difficult and mining for gold was
  tedious work.
• Towns sprang up almost overnight but there was
  no law to keep the thousands of men in order.
• In 1850 California becomes the western-most state
  in America.
• By 1852 the rush was over, but it brought over
  250,000 people to California pushing many of the
  Californios off their land and killing Indians by
  disease and warfare.

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Voices of the West

• CHINESE
• California, its gold and opportunity sounded
  grand to poor and starving peasants from China.
• By 1852, 20,000 Chinese ventured across the
  Pacific to Californian shores.
• At first they were welcomes and treated like
  guests, but success made them a target.
• A miners tax was implemented, but failed to run
  the Chinese off.
• Americans bullied, shamed, beat, and burned the
  Chinese to get them to leave.
• The Chinese instead moved into the cities of
  California and opened successful businesses.
• Chinatown in San Francisco remains the oldest
  largest Chinese community in America.
• Chinese have influenced American art culture.

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Voices of the West

• NATIVE AMERICANS
• General policy was to remove Native Americans
  from the East, by force if necessary.
• Treaties were established that allocated certain
  land for different tribes.
• As warfare and disease dwindle the Indian
  populations, those remaining were forced to
  assimilate (adopt white practices), move west
  voluntarily, or fight the Americans to stay on
  the lands granted in the treaties.

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Voices of the West

• NATIVE AMERICANS (cont.)
• Apache
• Led by Geronimo. Fought for10 years. His
  fight symbolized the end of the Native
  Americans ability to resist the White Man.
• Trail of Tears
• 17,000 Cherokees Seminoles were dragged from
  their homes in Georgia4,000 died.
• Seminoles
• Fought removal from Florida for 10 years.
  Hid in the swamps to avoid capture

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NATIVE AMERICANS (cont.)

• Lakota/Sioux
• Fought General Custer, who wanted their land for
  gold. Custer was outnumbered and lost the Battle
  of Little Big Horn. The Government starved the
  Native Americans until they surrendered
• Nez Perce
• Fought, then fled to save his people. Was forced
  to surrender. Remembered Chief Josephs famous
  speeches

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Voices of the West

• Chief Joseph
• I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are
  killedThe old men are all deadIt is cold and we
  have no blankets. The little children are
  freezing to death. My people, some of them, have
  runaway to the hills, and have no blankets, no
  food no one knows where they are. Hear me, my
  chiefs. I am tired my heart is sick and sad.
  From where the sun now stands I will fight no
  more forever

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Land Distribution As people moved west, there
was need for order.

• Townships were divided into 36 sections of 640
  acres each.
• One sections set aside for a schoolother
  sections sold to settlers.
• As soon as 5,000 (adult males) moved into a
  territory a legislature could be established.
• When the population reaches 60,000 the territory
  can apply for statehood
• 15 new stated added between 1800-1850
• Six mile squares called townships.

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Population Boom

• Numbers
• 1780-1830 American population doubled every
  20 years.
• 2.7 million 12 million
• Median age 17
• Reasons
• Reproduction. Births averaged 4.9 per family
• Energy youth. Dreams for families and the
  future