Adaptive Radiation:

1
Adaptive Radiation The concept as it applies
to animals
Hawaiian Drepanids Different Strokes for
Different Folks In other words, modifications
that allow each species to exploit different food
resources
2
Adaptive Radiation The concept as it applies
to plants

• Often Involves the Evolution of forms with
  different modifications for capturing the energy
  in sunlight, and for coping with variations in
  availability of moisture, e.g.
• Modifications of growth form (habit) to increase
  interception of light, e.g., herbs, shrubs,
  trees, lianas
• Modifications of leaves, including structure and
  size
• Modifications of physiology that affect the
  efficiency of photosynthesis

3
The Silversword Alliance
Asteraceae Madiinae
Argyroxiphium - ahinahina, silversword,
greensword - 5 spp. Wilkesia - iliau - 2
spp. Dubautia - naenae, kupaoa - 23 spp.
4
Argyroxiphium ahinahina, silversword,
greensword 5 spp. Maui, Hawaii
5
Required Text for Silverswordologists
6
Argyroxiphium caliginis Eke silversword
wM
wM
7
Argyroxiphium caliginis - Eke silversword
wM
8
Argyroxiphium grayanum - greensword
eM
eM
9
Argyroxiphium grayanum greensword
eM
eM
10
Argyroxiphium kauense kau silversword
H
H
11
Argyroxiphium kauense kau silversword
H
H
12
Argyroxiphium kauense kau silversword
H
H
13
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum -
ahinahina
eM
eM
14
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum ahin
ahina
eM
eM
15
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum -
ahinahina
eM
eM
16
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense ahinah
ina
H
H
17
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense ahinah
ina
H
H
18
Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. sandwicense ahinah
ina
H
19
Argyroxiphium virescens Hybrid? greensword
eM
eM
20
Argyroxiphium virescens Hybrid? greensword
eM
eM
21
Wilkesia iliau, dwarf iliau 2 spp. Kauai
22
K
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium - iliau
K
23
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium - iliau
K
24
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium - iliau
K
25
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium - iliau
K
26
Wilkesia hobdyi - dwarf iliau
K
27
Dubautia naenae, kupaoa 23 spp. Kauai, Oahu,
Molokai, Maui, Lanai, Hawaii
28
H
H
Dubautia arborea - kupaoa, naenae
29
H
H
Dubautia ciliolata - kupaoa, naenae
30
Dubautia kenwoodii
Dubautia laevigata
kupaoa, naenae
K
K
31
Dubautia knudsenii kupaoa, naenae
K
K
32
Dubautia latifolia kupaoa, naenae
K
K
33
Dubautia laxa kupaoa, naenae
O
wM
34
Dubautia linearis kupaoa, naenae
H
Mo
35
Dubautia menziesii - kupaoa, naenae
eM
eM
36
Dubautia paleata Dubautia
pauciflorula
kupaoa, naenae
K
K
37
O
Dubautia plantaginea kupaoa, naenae
wM
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis
38
Dubautia plantaginea - kupaoa, naenae
K
Dubautia plantaginea ssp. magnifolia
K
39
Dubautia raillardioides - kupaoa, naenae
K
K
40
eM
eM
Dubautia reticulata - kupaoa, naenae
41
Dubautia scabra - kupaoa, naenae
H
42
Dubautia sherffiana - kupaoa, naenae
O
O
43
Dubautia imbricata - kupaoa, naenae
K
44
Dubautia waialealae - kupaoa, naenae
K
45
Dubautia waianapanapaensis - kupaoa, naenae
eM
46
Distribution of Major Groups of the Hawaiian
Silversword Alliance
47
Range of Habitats Occupied by the Silversword
Alliance (Rainfall Elevation)
48
Leaf Variation in the Silversword Alliance
49
Chromosome Numbers in the Silversword Alliance
50
Chromosome and Fertility Relationships among the
13-paired Species and Dubautia scabra (n14)
51
Hybridization between Dubautia scabra (n14)
and D. menziesii (n13)
52
Chromosome Pairing in Hybrids between Dubautia
scabra (n14) and any 13-paired Dubautia
53
Chromosome and Fertility Relationships among the
14-paired Species
54
Chromosome Pairing in the Intergeneric
Hybrid Argyroxiphium sandwicense x Dubautia
menziesii
55
SUMMARY OF INTERGENERIC HYBRIDIZATION Argyroxiphiu
m sandwicense x Dubautia menziesii
56
Hybridization among Species of the Silversword
Alliance
57
Hybridization between 13-paired Species of
Dubautia
58
Genetic Identities among Selected Members of the
Silversword Alliance
59
What is the Origin of the Silversword Alliance?
60
Molecular Evidence for the Origin and
Relationships of the Silversword Alliance
61
Source Area of the Silversword Alliance
Source Area
62
Hybridization between North American Tarweeds
(Madiinae) and the Silversword Alliance
Dubautia laevigata (2n28) Hybrid (2n22)
Carlquistia muirii (2n16)
63
Hybridization between North American Tarweeds
(Madiinae) and the Silversword Alliance
Dubautia knudsenii x laxa (2n28)
Hybrid (2n20) Kyhosia bolanderi
(2n12)
64
Hypothetical Allotetraploid Origin of the
Hawaiian Silversword Alliance
65
Synthetic Tri-generic Hybrid Involving Two
Mainland and One Hawaiian Genome
Carlquistia muirii x
Dubautia scabra (2n28) Hybrid (2n28)
Kyhosia bolanderi (2n14)
66
Chromosome Pairing in the Tri-generic Hybrid
67
Hypothetical Autotetraploid Origin of the
Hawaiian Silversword Alliance
68
Summary of Adaptive Radiation of the Hawaiian
Silversword Alliance