RESEARCH ON MEASURING THE NEW ECONOMY User need for SINE research results

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• The NEW ECONOMY
• New challenges for the statistical system
• Olof Gärdin
• Eurostat
• olof.gardin_at_cec.eu.int
• Official Statistics and the New Economy
• The IAOS Conference
• London, 27-29 August 2002

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• The New Economy - A Services Economy
• Keywords Information Society Digital Economy
  Knowledge based Society Networked Economy
• A long-term shift from the industrial economy
  towards an economy characterised by information,
  intangibles and services
• ICTs are the backbone of this evolution
• NE is gradually evolving within a Services
  economy and has done so for a long time

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• Three aspects of the Services economy
• services main part of production and consumption
• the majority work in the services sector
• These two are a reflection of the current
  classifications of economic activities and
  products. Note that services are predominant also
  in manufacturing following the early adoption of
  ICT for rationalisation and automation
• production of services is the dynamic force in
  the development
• This aspect is not well covered by existing
  statistics and contains much of what is behind
  the expression the NE

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• The essential elements of the New Economy are
• Digitalisation and intensive use of ICT
• Codification of knowledge
• Transformation of information into
  commodities and
• New ways of organising work and production
• Information and knowledge input/capital and
  quality of output are the core in the NE.
• The symbiosis between changing production and
  business processes and ICT is the driving force
  towards the NE.

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• Industrial revolutions
• around 1800 the steam engine, the factory
  system
• around 1900 the internal combustion engine,
  electricity
• around 2000 microelectronics and IT
• Similarities
• basic innovations being diffused within the
  production system together with new principles
  for organisation of enterprises and new knowledge
  requirements
• the developing new infrastructure impacts on
  the entire society

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• Processes of change
• differ between changes around infrastructure and
  basic innovations
• infrastructure enlargement is more about transfer
  of possibilities and making people participate
  than creation of new needs for competence
• developed infrastructure moves pressure from
  technology to society and economy and new
  competence and the societal changes become far
  reaching

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Hierarchy of complexity
Outcome
Impact
Intensity
Readiness
New Economy Indicators
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• Readiness indicators, such as describing
• ICT infrastructure
• access to Internet, e-mail, PCs
• IT skillsIndicate the potential for use of
  ICTs
• Intensity Indicators, such as describing
• ICT investments
• the use of Internet, e-mail, PCs
• e-commerce
• different groups, the extent, for what
  purposeIndicate the actual use and application
  of ICTs
• Basic indicators for the Information Society
• Give the main basis for eEurope benchmarking and
  analysing the digital divide

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• Impact indicators Relate mainly to the micro
  level (enterprises, administrations)
• new ways of organising work refers to the
  relations between individuals and within the
  enterprise
• new ways of organising production refers to
  inter-enterprise relations
• human investment/human capital
• mobility
• innovation/RD spin-offs

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• Outcome indicators Relate mainly to the macro or
  societal level
• Productivity and Competitiveness
• Employment and Labour market
• Social inclusion and participation
• The outcome is the aggregate result of what
  happens on the enterprise level. A theory for
  explaining macro-economic development has to be
  micro-based and built on firm level data, on
  improved classifications and measurements of
  business processes.

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• Desirable developments for impact indicators
• more emphasis on the demand side
• focus on the process - the throughput - not only
  on input and output
• link data on workforce and enterprise
• link data on organisation of work and production,
  human capital, innovation with performance data
• more emphasis on microdata/firm level data

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• How much of the Economy do we measure?
• the measured economy is represented by paid
  and taxed hours of work
• unpaid hours of work and black work
  represents an equal or even larger part of
  the economy
• if only a small part could be transferred to
  the paid and taxed labour it would have
  significant impacts on employment and the economy
• the increasing connectedness changes the
  interaction between the household sector and
  the business and government sectorsChange in
  time-use patterns is part of the essence of
  socio-economic development

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• ConclusionsICT is embodied in the organisation
  of the economy. Changes in the economic
  organisation are often called structural changes
  and are seen through the looking glass of current
  classifications and data collections.
• Research is needed to develop
• frameworks and concepts for measuring the new
  economy
• the classifications systems
• appropriate statistical measures/indicators
• appropriate statistical systems
• and to improve the understanding of the role of
  information and knowledge in the economy

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• Priority areas for RTD are measuring
• services
• business processes, intra- and inter-enterprise
  relationships
• location of production and consumption in the new
  economy
• provision and access to knowledge and human
  capital
• classifications, specially related to services
  and services output. The product dimension will
  grow in importance.
• information and other intangible assets,
  including valuation
• time use

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• Finally
• the resource implications of the needs for RTD
  and new data collections are almost overwhelming
• the needs also pose a major challenge in terms of
  time-perspective and competence
• improved mechanisms for priority setting are
  needed
• new and cost-effective statistical and data
  collection methods are crucial
• the European Research Area and the 6th Framework
  Programme offer new opportunities for joint and
  concerted efforts to meet the statistical
  challenges of the New Economy

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• Thank you for your attention!

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Implications of the new economy for official
statisticssome conceptual and methodological
issues
Rosa Maria Porcaro
rporcaro_at_ibge.gov.br
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Objective and Methodological Approach

• Objective
• to discuss how changes on the contemporary
  society reflect in the relevance of official
  statistics
• are these changes being captured by the current
  statistical surveys?
• Methodological Approach
• to contrast significant changes stressed by the
  information society approach with some main
  conceptual and operational aspects used in the
  construction of official statistics
• to highlight important conceptual differences
• the information dimension of the productive
  process
• informational input x output relationships
• the convergence of information and communication
  technology ICT
• the flexible productive process

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Information Society Approach

• emphasis on scientific and technological
  knowledge
• a source of value and economic growth
• a new socio-technological paradigm based on ICT
• shift from an industrial form of development to
  an information form of development
• information becomes the principal vector
• information is simultaneously raw material,
  processing infrastructure, intermediate goods and
  final product
• polymorphic and ubiquitous nature of information
• main effects of innovations fall on the process

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Information Productive Process

• cognitive and symbolic factors gain importance
• bigger investment in immaterial inputs
• designing, planning and developing projects
• a large amount of virtual (non material)
  production is done before the final physical
  production
• economic and symbolic processes are interlaced
• importance of aesthetic factors
• fashion sector x traditional apparel sector
• art furniture sector x traditional furniture
  sector
• athletic footwear sector x traditional footwear
  sector

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Information Productive Process

• the information dimension - knowledge, symbolic,
  aesthetics factors - is not included in the logic
  of construction of the current statistics
  classifications
• that has a strong industrial mass production bias
  based on mechanical technology
• ?if there is an information society there is a
  information form of development and,
  consequently, an information productive process

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Informational input x output relationship

• a new kind of non-material production linked to
  electronic reality
• a grid of interrelated products
• medialized relationships
• images of famous and/or beautiful people that add
  value to products and/or services
• monitoring relationships
• products and services that aim to assess and
  explain characteristics and the performance of
  products and services
• a specialised printing and advertising industry
• informational relationships are not considered in
  the current industrial input x output statistical
  relationships

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Convergence of ICT integration of activities

• ICT converges into integrated information systems
• interpenetration among sectors
• overlapping of ICT sectors, such as computing,
  telecommunication and television - goods and
  services
• Internet fusion of telecommunication with
  informatics and computing services
• Internet has created new forms of business with
  quite integrated functionality
• value chain service providers, value chain
  integrators, virtual communities, collaboration
  platforms and market places

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Convergence of ICT integration of activities

• growing trend to incorporate services in goods
  and vice versa
• connectivity
• products are being connected electronically to
  databases (using chips)
• mass production is being customised
• companies that produce and sell ICT solutions
  hardware, software and technical consulting
• difficulties to draw the boundaries among sectors
  
• ? the criteria of exclusivity to classify the
  activities distorts and masks the characteristic
  forms of production of the integrated activities

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Flexible Productive Process

• flexible production based on the ICT
• new organisational models the corporate
  organisations
• an articulated constellation of large,
  medium-sized and small companies
• interactions among the productive units
• a network of subcontracted or outsourced
  functions
• many companies do not produce key components of
  the final product
• possess the symbolic processing control the
  information productive process
• some outsource the entire (or nearly entire)
  production

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Flexible Productive Process

• an organisational form of production that differs
  from that of the fordist companies
• a new logic of creation of value
• ?In spite of the efforts of the Statistical
  Information System to understand outsourcing and
  subcontracting, it continues to reflect a
  productive model based on the independency of
  companies (local unit)

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Conclusion

• the information society is modifying the
  assumptions that shape official statistics
• a distinct - informational - productive and
  organisational logic
• a measurement gap results from the tension
  between current statistical instruments and the
  current dynamics of society

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Recent Development of IT Indicators in Japan
IAOS ConferenceAugust 27 29, 2002, London

• Hiroshige FURUTAStatistical Reaearch Training
  Institute,
• Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs,
  Posts and Telecommunications,
• JAPAN

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Contents

• Introduction
• The framework for IT statistics
• The present situation of IT statisticsand
  problems with them
• Challenge for new IT statistics
• Establishment and Enterprise Census
• Survey of Household Economy
• Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities
• Conclusion

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1 Introduction

• In response to the statistical needs to grasp the
  present state of IT usage and its influence, STI
  has developed a framework for systematically
  collecting IT statistics as a basis to compile a
  new statistical compendium entitled IT Indicators
  in Japan.
• New compendium that covers all the sectors of the
  society and the economy and gives information
  ranging from the current status of IT to the
  impact of IT.
• Through the development of the framework and the
  compendium, it would become possible to assess
  how well we can approach the IT development with
  the currently available statistics and to gain
  insights on the future direction to improve and
  strengthen IT statistics.

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2 The Framework for IT Statistics
Chart 1 The Framework for IT Statistics
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Present Situation of IT Statistics
3 The present situation of IT statistics in
Japan and problems with them

• Statistics on Infrastructure
• Statistics on hardware software and network
• covered well
• Statistics on human resources
• inadequate
• Statistics on Usage
• not sufficient, especially for Government and
  School
• Statistics on Impact
• has not been developed so much, yet.

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Problems with the Existing Statistics on IT

• Insufficiency
• Statistics on usage and impact are not adequate.
• Obstacle to monitor the IT status in Japan
• Inaccuracy
• Inappropriate sampling methods or biases
• Necessary to improve the quality
• Lack of standard definition and classification
• such as coverage of the IT industry,scope of
  information and communication appliances
• Urged to build such standards in Japan

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4 Challenge for New IT Statistics

• SBJ and other statistical agencies are planning
  to collect and compile statistics concerning
  IT,mainly by means of adding new questions on IT
  to the existing surveys.
• This practice would be efficient in terms of both
  budget and respondent burdens.
• It is expected that these actions will improve
  and strengthen IT statistics.

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Establishment and Enterprise Census

• October, 2001 by SBJ
• Use of e-commerce, type (BtoB/BtoC), nature
  (Sending orders, Receiving orders,Delivery of
  goods and Services after the sale)
• Able to analyze by region, industry, employment
  size and so on

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Main findings of The Census

• Actual situation of EC in all enterprises
  including small conpanies
• Listed enterprises BtoB 38, BtoC 21 (Jan
  2001)
• All enterprises BtoB 8, BtoC 4
  (EC 11)
• Situation of EC by capital size and industry
• Large enterprises (5 billion and more) 44
• Small enterprises (less than 10 million) less
  than 10
• Banks and trust bank 59
• Information services and research 32
• General merchandise 28
• Motor vehicles
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• Difference between broad definition and narrow
  definition of EC

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• BtoC the difference between the both
  definitions is negligible.
• -BtoB the gap is more than 5 in the companies
  with capital of 100 million yen and more.

Establishment and Enterprise Census (Oct. 2001)
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Survey of Household Economy

• New monthly survey from October 2001 by SBJ
• 30,000 households
• Purchase of infrequently purchased but expensive
  goods and services
• Purchase and ownership of IT related goods and
  services and use of the Internet
• To monitor the trend of IT use in a timely manner

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The proportion of households using the Internet
in the past year shows a sharp increase.
Main findings of Survey of Household Economy
Private use of the Internet in the past one
month (Ave. for Jan Mar 2002)
35.1 Use of the Internet for purchasing goods
and services ( à Table 3) The Amount of
E-commerce by households (to be released)
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17.7 of households used the Internet in relation
to family expenditure.
Survey of Household Economy (Average for Jan
Mar 2002)
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Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities

• October 2001 by SBJ
• 80,000 households and 200,000 individuals
• Purpose, frequency and place of using Internet
• The results will be the first practical material
  for the evaluation of digital divide of Japanese
  people.

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The rate of the Internet use is the highest in
the age 20-24 both for male and female.
Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (Oct.
2001)
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The range of the percentage by age, school career
and occupation is relatively large compared to
the range by sex and region.
Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (Oct.
2001)
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The income of the Internet user is higher than
that of non-Internet user.
Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities (Oct.
2001)
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5 Conclusions

• Actions to collect and compile statistics
  concerning IT by SBJ and other statistical
  agencies will improve and strengthen IT
  statistics.
• SRTI will follow such development, and continue
  to compile and publish up-to-date and useful IT
  statistics of Japan.IT Indicators in Japan 2002
  will be published soon.(available on SBJ web
  site)

Thank you for your kind attention !
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INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND
E-COMMERCE IN BASQUE COMPANIES A STATISTICAL
APPROACH

• Enrique Morán Aláez
• Eustat (Basque Statistical Office)

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