Management for high productivity in a swine operation

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Management for high productivity in a swine
operation

• Hans H Stein
• South Dakota State University

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Outline

• 1. Introduction
• 2. Management of gilts
• 3. Management of gestating sows
• 4. Management of lactating sows
• 5. Management in nursery
• 6. Management in GF-barn

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1.1 Cost of Production, US vs. EU

• Item US EU
• Cereal grain, /lb 0.42 0.55
• SBM, /T 160 210
• Farrowing crate, 2,500 4,000
• Finishing Space, 180 300
• Replacement gilt, 200 300
• Minimum Wage, /hr 5.50 8-12

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1.2. World Export of Pork

• 2001 Export, metric ton
• US 600,000
• Canada 700,000
• Denmark 1,500,000

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1.3 How do We Make Money on Sows?

• Item /sow/year /600 sows/year
• - ½c/lb feed 20 12,000
• - 5 /hour 31 18,600
• - 1000/crate 20 12,000
• 1pig/sow/year 35 21,000
• 5 pigs/sow/year 175 105,000
• 10 pigs/sow/year 350 210,000

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1.4 Productivity of Sows

• Country Pigs marketed/sow/year
• US 15
• The Netherlands 21
• France 23
• Denmark 23
• Ireland 22

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1.5 Conclusions

• The number one problem in the US swine industry
  is poor efficiency
• Improved productivity represents a major
  opportunity for improved profits in the swine
  industry
• Productivity will be improved only if management
  and nutritional programs are improved

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2. Gilt Management
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2.1 Gilts in Isolation

• Gilts in Isolation _at_ 3-5 month
• Vaccinate, Adapt, Bleed
• After 8 weeks Move gilts to sow unit
• Clean isolation between groups

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2.2 Feeding strategy for non-bred gilts

• Feed ad lib until 150-200 lbs
• Use normal nursery/grower diet
• Feed 75 of ad lib during rest of period
• Use lactation diet or similar

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2.3 Age at Breeding

• Age at breeding 7 Mo 8 Mo
• gilts 189 199
• Liveborn, 1st litter 9.5 10.4
• Liveborn, 2nd litter 10.2 10.9
• Liveborn, 3rd litter 11.5 11.9

Thorup, 1993
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2.4 Cost of increasing age at breeding

• Feed 30 d x 6 lb x 0.08 14.4
• Facility 300 x 15/12 3.75
• Labor 1.0
• Non specified costs 2.0
• Total 21.15

1 extra pig produced 35
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2.5 Breeding the Gilts

• Dont breed before 8 month
• in 2nd or 3rd estrus
• Boar exposure
• Feed ad libitum - add sex mixture
• Move around
• If problems with heat Spray with cold water 10
  min/day

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3. Management of Gestating Sows
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3.1.1 Feeding gestating gilts and sows

• 1 Day 1-21 Implantation
• 2 Day 22-90 Body condition
• 3 Day 91-112 Fetal growth
• 4 Day 113-115 Prepare farrowing

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3.1.2 Feeding curves in gestation(lbs/day, 1.5
Mcal/lb)
Remember Adjustments for temp. if lower than 68oF
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3.1.3 Feed Adjustments

• On a weekly basis, all sows are checked for body
  condition and moved to different curve if
  necessary
• Use diets that meet the nutritional requirement
  of gestating sows and gilts
• If same diet used for gilts and sows, remember
  that gilts have higher Amino Acid requirements
  than sows.

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3.1.4 Feed ingredients for Gestating sows

• DDGS (40)
• Canola meal/Canola seed (15)
• Barley/oats - as much as possible
• Wheat mids
• Sugar beet pulp (10-20)
• Essential fatty acids???
• Phytase

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3.2 Reproduction

• Teoretical litters/sow/year (lsy) _at_ 21 d weaning
  365/(215115) 2.59 lsy
• Best Herds 2.50 lsy
• Actual lsy in US 1.8 lsy
• Reasons for poor performance
• Weaning to breeding interval
• Low farrowing rate
• Poor management

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3.2.1 AI operator effect

• Tech. FR, Live/L Pigs Prod
• 1 89.8 10.4 2,413
• 2 90.6 10.3 2,348
• 3 89.1 10.2 2,346
• 4 85.9 10.5 2,310
• 5 81.6 10.3 2,153
• 6 67.8 8.5 1,377

Flowers, 2002
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3.2.2 Daily heat check

• 9 return sows, breeding-rebreeding 21 d
• 9 x 21 d 189 d, 189/100 1.89 NPSD
• Total NPSD increases by 1.89 d/cycle
• 9 return sows, breeding-re-breeding 80 d
• 9 x 80 720 d, 720/100 7.2 NPSD

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3.2.3 Performance Objectives

• Weaning-Breeding 5 days
• Farrowing rate 90
• Breeding-rebreeding 28 days
• Non-prod.sow days/litter 10 days
• Liveborn per litter 12.5
• Still born/litter 0.8
• Litters per sow per year 2.4

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4. Management of Lactating Sows
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4.1 Feeding strategy for lactating sows

• Day 1-2 2 kg per day
• Day 3-4 4 kg per day
• Day 5- weaning Ad Libitum (semi ad.lib)

• Check sows 30 min. after feeding
• if feeder completely clean, give more feed next
  time
• if feed left in feeder, give less feed next time
• if crumples left in feeder, give same amount next
  time

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4.2 How to get high feed intake

• Same feed ingredients as in G-barn
• Make sure water is available all the time
• Include fat in diet (Increases energy)
• 5-10 is OK
• Barn temperature around 68oF
• drip cooling if hot
• Feed 3 times a day

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4.3 Management around parturition

• Clean and disinfect barn
• Low feed intake before and after farrowing
• Plenty of water
• Glucose??
• Watch farrowings if possible
• Assist sow in farrowing if needed

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4.4 Litter Standardization

• Move pigs around 24-48 h post partum if necessary
• Give all sows 10-12 pigs (move as few pigs as
  possible)
• Make nurse sows if too many piglets
• use older sows weaned at 14 d for this
• Move all small pigs into same litter
• use 2nd parity sow for these pigs

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4.5 Litter Management

• Get all pigs up every day
• Treat sick pigs immediately
• Diarrhea often related to sow diet
• Move tail enders out as soon as they get behind
• Dont accept mortality due to starvation

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4.6 Performance Objectives in farrowing unit

• Pre-weaning mortality
• Avg. weaning weight _at_ 21 d. 14 lb
• Average pigs weaned/litter 11 pigs
• Sow weight loss

Pre-weaning Mortality 10 Poor Management
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4.7 Weaning to breeding

• Direct boar contact in breeding barn
• Turn light on at least 14 h per d
• Feed ad libitum w. lactation diet
• give sex mixture ??
• Water freely available
• Breed at least too times

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4.8 Improved performance

• Liveborn per litter 10.4 12.5
• Prewean mortality, 15 8
• Weaning age, days 18 20
• Weaned/litter 8.9 11.5
• Non-prod. Sowdays/litter 40 10
• Litters/sow/year 2.1 2.5
• Pigs/sow/year 18.7 28.7

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5. Management and Feeding in Nursery
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5.1 Key points in nursery management

• Reduce diseases
• low mortality
• Increase Feed intake
• Provide adequate diet

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5.2 Stockmanship

• Back to Basics - Improve stockmanship
• Walk barns look at the pigs
• Identify and treat sick pigs - hospital pens
• Environmental comfort
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Noxious gasses
• Crowding

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5.3 Biosecurity

• Pigs get diseases from pigs
• Pig to pig contact
• Boots, coveralls, equipment, etc
• Multisite separate by age group
• Separate by room

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5.4 Comingling

• Never comingle from different sources
• Avoid comingling from same source as much as
  possible
• Reduce movement of pigs between pens
• Avoid movement of pigs between barns/rooms

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5.5 Weaning age

• Early weaning increases risk of diseases
• If problems in nursery, consider pushing weaning
  age back

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5.6 Advantages of late weaning

• Easier to wean pigs - fewer diseases in nursery
  pigs
• Less expensive feed needed
• Easier to introduce in W/F systems?
• Improved litter size in sows
• Fewer non-productive sow days
• Improved sow longevity??

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5.7 Disadvantages of late Weaning

• More farrowing crates needed
• Increased disease transmission from sow to
  piglet??

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5.8 Examples of late weaning
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5.9 Water for nursery pigs

• Necessary to supply plenty of water
• Not all pigs drink well from nipples
• Water in trough may be necessary
• Sort out pigs that dont drink and provide
  special treatment
• Milk replacer increases palatability

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5.10 Starter diets

• No soybean meal in starter diets
• Fish meal, milk protein, potato protein,
  crystalline AA, animal plasma, blood cells
• Barley, oats, and naked oats better than corn,
  sorghum, and wheat
• Reduced crude protein (17-18) if problems w.
  diarrhea
• No limestone or P-source - use phytase

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5.11 Feeding Management

• Restricted feeding reduces scouring
• Multible feedings right after weaning
• Troughs or floor mats rather than feeders

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5.12 Liquid feeding

• Liquid feeding increases FI and improves
  performance
• Less intestinal damage
• ADG improved by 12.3 (12 exp.)
• Reduced e.coli infections
• Labor intensive
• Necessary to clean troughs

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5.13 Phase Feeding

• Keep pigs on starter diet for 2 weeks
• Next 2 weeks on phase 2 diet - then phase 3
• Gradually increase SBM in diets
• Keep fish meal in diets all the way
• No corn-soy diets in nursery!

7 Fish meal in phase 3 diet increases diet cost
by 1-1.5 per pig, - increases finished weight by
5-8 lbs/pig and reduces variability
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5.14 Performance Objectives, pig weaning wt
14.3 lb

• Wk 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• ADG , lbs 0.27 0.55 0.83 1.15 1.49 1.70 1.93
• ADG, ac. 0.27 0.41 0.55 0.70 0.86 1,0 1.13
• Wt, lbs 16.2 20.1 25.9 33.9 44.3 56.3 69.7
• FI, Lb/d 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.35
• FCR,lb/lb 1.11 1.27 1.33 1.48 1.54 1.65 1.74

Mortality in nursery 2 Poor management
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6. Feeding and management of GF pigs
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6.1 Key Points in GF Management

• Avoid diseases
• Reduce mortality
• Reduce Feed conversion
• Reduce feed cost
• Increase daily gain
• Reduce within barn variability
• Increase carcass leanness?

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6.2 Disease reduction

• All in-All out
• By room or by barn
• Preventive medication if necessary
• Treat sick pigs immediately
• Hospital pens
• Spend time Walking Barns

Mortality 2 Poor management
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6.3 Feeding strategies

• Use Phase Feeding
• Use Split sex feeding
• Formulate diets based on Ideal Protein
• All nutrients present in adequate amounts

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6.4 Lysine requirement
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6.5 Ideal Protein
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6.5 Reduce feed cost

• Barley/oats/sorghum
• Field peas
• Canola meal
• DDGS
• Fat/oil
• Phytase

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6.6 Lean Deposition
Fat Gain
Lean gain
Feed intake
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6.7 Reduced Energy in diets for Finishing Hogs
P Stein Easter, 1996
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6.8 If paid on grade and yield

• Dont use supplemental fat in finishing ration
• Consider using low energy ingredients
• Barley, wheat mids, canola meal, etc.
• Shut off water in feeder
• Only use nipple outside feeder

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6.9 Conclusion on Finishing hogs

• Walk barns - check pigs, treat sick pigs, use
  hospital pens
• Formulate diet adequate in all nutrients
• Look for opportunity ingredients
• Reduce Energy intake in late finishing