Misery of the Swine External Arthropod Parasites

1
Misery of the Swine External Arthropod
Parasites ???????????? ? ??????. ???????? ?
?????? ??????. Department of Entomology,
University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742,
USAmraupp_at_umd.eduGoogle Bug of the Week
MICHAEL J. RAUPP????? ????????????
???????????, ??????????? ????? ????????, ???????
????
2
The Problem???????????? ????????

• External parasitism costs money
• Annual losses to lice and mange infestations in
  US - 30 million - 200 million
• Lice and mange mites can also transmit diseases -
  swine pox

• ?????? ? ????????????????? ????????????? ???????
  ???????????? ??????
• ? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????????
  ?????? ?????????? ?? 30 ?? 200 ???.
• ????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????
  ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????

3
Major pests???????? ???????????? ? ??????

• ???? ?????? Haemotopinus
• suis (???????????)
• ?????????? ????? - Sarcoptes scabiei var.
  suis(?????????) and Demodex phylloides(?????????)

• Hog lice - Haemotopinus suis
• Mange mites - Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis and
  Demodex phylloides

4
Hog lice?????? ????

• Hosts - Hog lice feed exclusively on wild and
  domestic swine
• Size Small - adults 5-7 mm, eggs 1.5 mm,
  nymphs 2 5 mm

• ???????????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????? ?
  ???????? ??????
• ??????? ???????? ????? - 5-7 ??, ???? - 1.5 ??,
  ??????? 2-5 ??

i
5
Life cycle????????? ????

• Eggs (called nits)
• ???? ?????????
• Laid on hair follicles by female
• ????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
• Attached with pertinacious cement
• ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????
• Hatch in 7 20 days, may take longer if
  temperatures are cool
• ?????? ?????????? 7-20 ????, ??? ??????
  ???????????? ???????? ??????

6
Nymphs???????

• Molt 3 times during development
• ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? 3 ????
• Feed on blood
• ???????? ??????
• Complete development to adult in 3-12 days
• ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? 3-12
  ????

ipm.ncsu.edu
7
Adults???????? ?????

• Life span about 30 days
• ????????? ???? ????? 30 ????
• Females lay 3-4 eggs per day for approximately 25
  days
• ????? ????????? ??????????? 3-4 ????
  ?????????????? ? ??????? 25 ????

ipm.ncsu.edu
8
Feeding???????

• Mouthparts are modified for puncturing skin and
  sucking blood
• Favorite feeding sites around neck, behind, in
  folds of skin
• Nymphs and adults must have blood

• ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ???
  ???????????? ???? ? ??????????? ?????
• ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???, ??????? ????
  ? ?????? ????? ????
• ??????? ? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????

9
Feeding???????

• They can survive only 2-3 days off host
• Often feed in groups
• Infestations often start around the ear,
• expand to the lower body, and abdominal areas
• Lice do not burrow into the skin

• ??? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? 2-3
  ????
• ??? ????? ????????? ???????????
• ????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????
• ???????????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????
  ???????, ??????? ??????
• ??? ?? ?????????? ? ????

10
Symptoms and damage???????? ? ?????????

• Mild infestations - may cause no clinical
  problems
• Heavy infestations - dark bluish-black
  discolorations, irritation of skin, leading to
  itching
• Irritation causes restlessness

• ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????
  ?????????? ???????????
• ??? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????
  ???????????? ?????-????? ? ?????? ?????,
  ???????????????? ????????????, ?????, ??????????
  
• ??????????? ??????????????? ??????????
  ????????????? ????????

11
Symptoms and damage ???????? ? ?????????

• Reduced food intake can reduce growth rate in
  finishing pigs
• Blood loss can result in anemia in young pigs
• Lice vector swine pox virus and other diseases

• ??????????? ????? ????????????? ?????, ??? ??????
  ?? ??????? ????????
• ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????
• ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????
  ???????? (? ?.?. ???? ??????)

12
Management????????

• Lice are most commonly spread by direct contact
• Regularly inspect hogs check behind ears
• Watch for increased levels of scratching or
  rubbing

• ? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????
• ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????,
  ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????
• ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?
  ??????? ????????

13
Management ???? ? ?????????? ????????

• Quarantine new breeders for 30 days before adding
  to herd
• Treat new hogs as necessary before adding to herd

• ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?
  ????????? ? ??????? 30 ?????
• ? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????
  ???????????

14
Insecticides and miticides for hog lice and
mitesTopical sprays Considerations???????????
? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?
????????????????? ???????? ???????? -
???????????

• Complete coverage is critical
• High pressure sprays provide better wetting
• Treat in and around ears and other hard to reach
  place

• ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????
• ????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ??????
  ?????????
• ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?
  ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????

15
Insecticides and miticides for hog lice and
mitesTopical sprays Considerations???????????
? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?
????????????????? ???????? ???????? -
???????????

• ???????????? ???????? ???????? ? ?? ???????
• ???? ?? ????????????
• ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????
  ?????????? ? ?????????? 10 14 ????
• ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????
  ?????????

• Active stages adults, larvae, nymphs are killed
• Eggs are not killed
• Two to three applications spaced 10 14 days
  apart may be needed
• Always follow label directions

16
Chemical controls ???????? ? ?????? ??????
Excellent publications with insecticide and
miticide recommendations were produced by
University of Missouri and University of Arkansas
Extension . They can be found at ???????????? ??
????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????
?????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????.
http//extension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/pe
sts/g07020.htm http//www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/pub
lications/PDF/FSA-3077.pdf Products listed at
these sites include ? ???? ??????????
????????? 1 ?????? ????????????? ???????????
?????????, ???????????, ????????????. ?????????
???????? 0.001-0.05 -???? ?????????? ??????????
??????? ????????????? ???????????? ?? ???????
50-90??. ?? ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ?? ???
???????? ? ???? 2 ???????????????? ???????
??????, ??????????, ??????????, ??????,
????????. ????????? ??????????? ? ???? 200???/??,
??? 1??. ????????? ?? 50?? ????? ???? ?????????,
???????? ? ??????? ???. 3 ???????? ???????????
????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? (?????)
17
Swine Pox???? ??????

• Caused by the swine pox virus, Poxviridae
  Suipoxvirus
• Double stranded DNA
• Transmitted by hog lice
• Can survive outside for long time

• ?????????? ??????? Poxviridae Suipoxvirus
• ??? ?????????? ???????????
• ?????????? ??????? ?????
• ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????

18
Symptoms????????

• Circular red areas 10-20mm
• Vesicle with straw-colored fluid
• In two to three days vesicle ruptures and black
  scab forms
• Lesions on any part of body, but most common on
  sides, abdomen, ears
• Secondary dermatitis may occur

• ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? 10-20 ??
• ????????, ??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????
• ????? 2-3 ??? ???????? ???????? ? ??????????
  ??????? ??????? ?????
• ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????, ?? ? ????????
  ????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ????? ????
• ????? ????????? ????????? ????????

19
Spread????????

• By lice or mange mite
• Skin abrasions
• Fighting and mixing of pigs

• ????? ? ??????????? ???????
• ????? ???????????? ????
• ??? ????????????? ??????

20
Mange mites?????????? ?????

• Several species of parasitic mites infest animals
• Mites burrow into the skin to live
• Mite feeding and excretory products cause
  inflammation and itching

• ????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????
  ????????
• ????? ?????????? ? ????
• ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????????
  ? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????? ???????

21
Hog mange mite - Sarcoptes scabiei
var.suis ?????? ?????????? ???? - Sarcoptes
scabiei var.suis
(???????? ????????)
?????
?????
?????
???????
University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension
??????????? ????? ????????
22
Hog mange mite - Sarcoptes scabiei
var.suis?????? ?????????? ???? - Sarcoptes
scabiei var.suis

• Life cycle 10 -14 days from egg to egg
• Adults
• Male and female mate on surface of skin
• Females burrow into outer layer of skin -
  mechanical destruction and salivary secretions
• Females lay eggs in tunnels at a rate of 1 to 3
  eggs per day, live up to 30 days

• ????????? ???? -10-14 ???? ?? ????????? ??
  ???????? ???
• ???????? ?????
• ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????
• ????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???? ????.
  ???????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????. ? ??
  ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????
  ???????????? ?????????
• ????? ????? ? ??????? 30 ???? ? ??????????? ?? 1
  ?? 3 ??? ? ????

23
Hog mange mite - Sarcoptes scabiei var.suis
?????? ?????????? ????

• Life cycle 10 -14 days from egg to egg
• Eggs -Hatch in tunnels in 5 days
• Immatures
• One larval stage
• Two nymphal stages
• Mites reach adulthood in 6 to 9 days

• ???? ???????? ??????????-10-14 ???? ?? ?????????
  ?? ???????? ???
• ???? ????????? ? ???? ? ??????? 5 ????
• ???????? ?????
• ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????
• ??? ?????????? ??????
• ????? ????????? ???????? ????? 6-9 ????

24
Clinical signs -Severe skin irritation and
itching??????????? ???????? ???????
??????????? ????, ???

• Two responses to infestations
• Hypersensitive response
• Typically seen in young, growing animals
• Intense itchiness, dermatitis and raised, red
  papules on the rump, abdomen, flank, head and
  ears
• Untreated signs can last up to 18 weeks after the
  initial infestation
• Hogs rub and scratch the irritated skin
• Hair loss, abrasion, restlessness, decreased
  performance

• ??? ???? ??????? ?? ???????
• ???????????????
• ??????????? ? ???????, ???????? ????????
• ??????? ???, ???????? ? ????????? ????, ???????
  ?????? ?? ???????, ??????? ???????, ?????,
  ??????, ????
• ??? ?????????? ???????- ???????? ?????
  ??????????? ?? 18 ?????? ????? ?????????
  ???????????
• ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ??
  ?????????? ????????
• ????????? ??????, ?????????, ??????????? ????,
  ????????????, ???????? ??????????, ?????????

25
Hyperkeratotic (chronic) response???????????????(
???????????) ???????

• Found in animals 6 months of age and older
• Less common than the hypersensitive form
• Thickened, rough, encrusted, raised skin lesions
  dull gray or brown
• Lesions may be found on the ears, head, neck,
  shoulder or legs

• ?????????????? ? ???????? ? ???????? 6 ??????? ?
  ??????
• ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????????????? ?????
• ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????, ???????
  ?????-????? ??? ?????????? ????, ???? ???????
• ??????????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????,
  ??????, ???, ??????? ??? ???

26
Hyperkeratotic (chronic) response
???????????????(???????????) ???????

• Mites present in large numbers in infested areas
• Pigs may show mild itchiness
• Hyperkeratotic animals can act as carriers to
  uninfested hosts

• ? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?
  ??????? ???????????
• ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???
• ???????? ? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????
  ????????????? ?????????

27
DiagnosisClinical symptoms???????????
??????????? ????????

• Scrape skin in periphery of the affected area
• View the scrapings under oil immersion through a
  microscope
• Hogs may develop a secondary bacterial skin
  infection

• ???? ??? ???????????? ????? ?? ???????
  ?????????? ? ???????? ?????
• ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????????
• ? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????????
  ????????????? ?????? ????????

28
Management Prevention???? ????????????

• Usually transmitted by direct contact with
  infested hogs
• Humans and some other animals may become infested
  
• Bath and change clothes after handling mangy hogs

• ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????????
  ? ??????????????? ?????????
• ????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ?????? ?????
• ??????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????
  ?????????? (??? ? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?
  ?????????)

29
Management Prevention ???????-????????????????
???????????

• Treat pigs as soon as possible after weaning
• Treat sows 30 to 45 days before farrowing
• Treat boars before breeding season
• Treat new hogs before adding to herd
• Treat purchased feeders before adding to herd
• Treat all feeder pigs in the fall

• ?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????
  ??????? ?? ??????????
• ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? 30-45 ????
  ?? ???????
• ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? ??????
• ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?
  ???????????? ???????????????
• ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????
• ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????-???????????????
  ? ????????? ????? ?????????

30
Demodectic mange - Demodex phylloides, Hog
follicle mites????????? - Demodex phylloides,
?????? ?????????

• Live in the hair follicles and oil glands
• Cause hard, round swellings on or just under skin
• Very small, worm-like mites - 1/100 of an inch
• No good chemical control

• ???????????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????
• ???????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????????
• ????? ????? ????? ???????, ????????????? ?????
• ? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????
  ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ??????????

31
Demodectic mange - Demodex phylloides, Hog
follicle mites ????????? - Demodex phylloides,
?????? ?????????

• Miticides for the control itch mites help
• Severely infested animals should be killed
• Less severely infested animals should slaughtered
• Clean and disinfect hog houses, pens, sheds
  before using them for non-infested hogs

• ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????? ????????????
  ????????????????
• ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????
  ??????????? ??????? ??????????
• ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????????
  ?????????? ?? ?????
• ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ??
  ?????????? ? ??? ???????? ????????

32
SpasiboUdachi ! MICHAEL J.
RAUPPDepartment of Entomology, University of
Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742,
USAmraupp_at_umd.eduGoogle Bug of the Week