Chapter 15, Lesson 2

1
Chapter 15, Lesson 2

• Trade Routes and Conquests

2
Portuguese Explorers

• Europeans developed an interest in gold and other
  riches from Africa.
• As a Christian country, Portugal wanted to avoid
  land routes controlled by Muslims
• Portugal took the lead towards finding new sea
  routes.
• Prince Henry of Portugal came to be called Henry
  the Navigator.
• He sent expeditions to explore the west coast of
  Africa.
• He wanted to establish colonies there to break
  the Muslim control.

3
Portuguese Explorers

• In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal sailed
  around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip
  of Africa.
• Vasco de Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope
  to India marking the first all-water trade route
  between Europe and Asia.

4
Portuguese Explorers

• Ferdinand Magellan set out in 1519 with five
  ships to try and reach the east by sailing around
  the southern tip of South America(west).
• He was killed before finishing the voyage.
• In 1522, one of the original five ships arrived
  in Spain, making it the first ship to
  circumnavigate the world.

5
East to West

• As the European economy improved, the demands for
  goods from Asia increased.
• Some thought sailing west to reach Asia would be
  easier than sailing around Africa.

6
East to West

• There was an Italian sailor named Christopher
  Columbus living in Portugal who asked King John
  II to sponsor the voyage west to Asia.
• He was denied because the King was more
  interested in the gold-producing coast of Africa.
• Columbus turned to Queen Isabella of Spain for
  funding.
• She agreed because she wanted to
• Spread Christianity
• Compete with Portugal for wealth

7
East to West

• In 1492, Columbus set sail from Spain.
• On October 12, he sighted land which turned out
  to be the West Indies.
• Two weeks later, he sighted land that he thought
  was Japan.
• Actually it was probably Cuba.

8
Conquering the Americas

• In 1452 Pope Nicholas V wrote an official letter
  that allowed explorers to make slaves of the
  native people of newly explored lands.
• Missionaries came on these expeditions to convert
  native peoples to Christianity.
• The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Americas
  between Spain and Portugal.

9
Conquering the Americas

• Conquistadors, of Spanish conquerors, acquired
  wealth by conquering wealthy civilizations.
• The conquerors discovered other riches
• The foods grown by the Native Americans.
• These included maize, tomatoes, potatoes,
  chocolate, squash.

10
Conquering the Americas

• Europeans introduced plants and animals to the
  Americas wheat, sugar cane, cattle, pigs, and
  horses.
• This exchange of goods between the Americas and
  Europe is known as the Columbian Exchange.
• Diseases were also exchanged, which included
• Smallpox
• Measles
• influenza

11
The Spanish Armada

• In 1496, King Henry VII funded the expedition of
  Italian explorer John Cabot to find a western
  route to Asia.
• He explored the coast of North America.
• After King Henry VIIs son took over after his
  death. He was King Henry VIII.
• King Henry VIII focused mainly on religious
  changes taking place in England
• Under his rule, England became a Protestant
  nation.

12
The Spanish Armada

• King Henry VIIIs daughter, Elizabeth I, made
  England into a world sea power.
• Elizabeth funded many expeditions after she came
  to power in 1558.
• She funded English navigators such as Sir Francis
  Drake, who was a pirate as well as an explorer.
• The pirates attacked Spanish ships.
• She supported Dutch Protestants who were fighting
  against Catholic Spain.

13
The Spanish Armada

• King Philip II of Spain sent the Armada to attack
  England.
• The Spanish ships were beautiful, but heavy and
  slow.
• England won.

14
Elizabeth I

• She was well educated having studied French,
  Greek, Latin, Italian.
• When she was 15, she was accused of plotting the
  death of her half-brother.
• She was also accused of plotting the death of her
  half-sister, who was Catholic.
• When Elizabeth I became queen at the age of 25,
  she decided never to marry.
• Marring a member of the European nobility would
  force England to take sides in the rivalry
  between France and Spain.