Dr. Angela Lindner, EES, UFL

1
Sustainability of Engineered Systems Defined and
Measured

• From whence have we come to where to we go?
• Dr. Angela S. Lindner
• Assistant Professor
• Environmental Engineering Sciences
• April 2, 2003

2
Overview

• Introduction From whence have we come?
• Justification of Pursuing Sustainability
• The problem of waste
• Sustainability of Processes and Products
• Definitions
• Selected Approaches to Measurement
• DJSI
• Life Cycle Analysis
• Conclusions To where do we go?

3
Time Line of the Environment
1970

• EPA formed
  
• Oil crisis
• Love Canal, Times Beach
• CERCLA (Superfund)
• Hazardous waste management
• Pollution Prevention Act
  
• Increased global population
• Depletion of resources
• Prediction of impact of our activities
  

1980
1990
?
2000
4
Approach to Environmental Solutions In the Next
Century

• In the face of increased global population and
  depleted resources, will the engineering
  community begin to routinely consider the
  environment in its design constraints?

Green Engineering
5
Engineering

• the art or science of making practical
  application of the knowledge of pure sciences, as
  physics, chemistry biology, etc.
• Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary

6
Green

• any activity--synthesis, processing, or
  use--that reduces risks to humans and the
  environment
• Paul Anastas and Tracy Williamson, U.S. EPA

7
Green Engineering

• a systems-level approach to product and process
  design where environmental attributes are treated
  as a primary objective and not a constraint
• Samir Billatos and Nadia Basily, Green Technology
  and Design for the Environment, 1997.

8
Pollution Prevention

• Any activity that reduces, minimizes, or
  prevents the formation of waste

9
How Pollution Prevention Fits into Environmental
Engineering
MONITOR
CONTROL
AVOID!
REMEDIATE
Can you differentiate pollution prevention and
pollution control?
10
Three Scales of Pollution Prevention
Sustainability Industrial Ecology Life Cycle
Analysis
MACROSCALE

• Product and Process Design
• Audits of existing processes
• Raw material selections
• Substitutions
• Design of new processes

MESOSCALE
Green Chemistry (Molecular Level Design)
MICROSCALE
11
The Problem WASTE!

• Definition of waste what results from less
  than ideal use of any resource

Waste
Ideal Use
Nonideal Use
12
Distribution of Chemical Releases to the
Environment
Anastas and Williamson, 1996
13
Air Pollutants as Stressors
Criteria Pollutants CO, Ozone, SO2, PM, NOx,
Lead Hazardous Air Pollutants Air
Toxics Carbon Dioxide (GHG)
Smog Formation Acid Rain Global Warming Ozone
Depletion Associated Health Effects
STRESSOR
IMPACT
14
Solid Waste

• TYPES
• Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
• 210 million tons/year
• Paper, yard wastes, metal, plastic, glass,
  food, ashes/dust, etc.
• Industrial Wastes
• Sewage Sludges
• Agricultural Wastes
• Mining Wastes

• MANAGEMENT
• Landfills
• Incineration
• Composting
• Resource Recovery
• Conservation

15
Hazardous Waste

• Legally a subset of solid wastes
• RCRA a waste that exhibits any one of the
  four following characteristics Ignitability,
  Reactivity, Corrosivity, Toxicity
• 265 million metric tons generated each year by
  more than 20,000 large-quantity industrial
  generators in the U.S.

16
Water Pollution

• Wide range of industrial waste inputs into U.S.
  waters
• impossible to categorize!!!
• Point sources outflows
• Non-point sources stormwater runoff,
  agricultural runoff

17
As a result of our wasteful behavior.

• A baby born today will by age 75 have
• produced 52 tons of garbage
• consumed 43 million gallons of water
• used 3375 barrels of oil
• The US is the 3rd most populous country with the
  highest birthrate among developed countries.
• Our 4.5 of world population consumes 30 of the
  planets natural resources, burns 25 of the
  fossil fuels.

18
Laws Applied in Manufacture and Use of Products
Waste (CAA)
Industrial products (OSHA, FIFRA)
Transportation (HMTA)
Waste (RCRA)
Feedstocks (OSHA, PPA)
Processing (OSHA, PPA)
Waste (CAA, RCRA, SDWA, CWA, TSCA)
Manufacturing (OSHA, PPA)
Waste (CAA, RCRA, SDWA, CWA,TSCA)
Consumer products (CPSA,FFDCA, FHSA,FIFRA,
PPPA,PPA)
RIVER
Waste (RCRA)
Old waste landfill (SARA)
Modified from Bishop, 2000
19
Laws Applying to Pollution Prevention

• Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
• shifted emphasis from end-of-pipe treatment to
  reduction of waste at its source
• based on voluntary compliance
• ISO 14000
• international standards intended to improve
  businesses with a system for managing the impact
  they have on the environment
• includes guidance documents for establishing an
  Environmental Management System (EMS)

20
Waste Management Hierarchy
Source Reduction
Recycle/Reuse
Treatment
Disposal
21
New Approach to the Environment SUSTAINABILITY

• Sustainable developmentBruntland Commission in
  1987
• meets the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs.
• a strategic approach that enables a company
  to generate value by exploiting economic,
  environmental and social growth potential

22
Sustainability Three Legs of a Stool
Sustainable Industry
Society
Economics
Environment
23
Industrial Ecology Sustainability in Action

• Tragedy of the Commons, Garrett Hardin, 1968
  (www.sciencemag.org)
• Examples of short-term solutions
• CFCs
• Tetraethyl lead
• DDT
• MTBE
• Genetically engineered foods????
• the study of both the short-term and long-term
  impacts of a product or process

Industrial ecology merges literate ethics with
the scientists commitment to numerate analysis.
24
Industrial Ecosystems

• Type I Energy Material
  Heat
• Materials
  Transformation Wastes
• Type II Energy
  Heat
• Material
  Wastes
• Type III Energy
  Heat

Richards et al., 1994
25
Example Automobile Industry
Energy
Unlimited Waste
TYPE 1 Linear
Energy
Limited Waste
TYPE 2 Quasi- Circular
Energy
Type 3 Circular
26
The Kalundborg, Denmark Case Study An
Industrial Ecosystem
Source www.symbiosis.dk
27
Goal Moving from Type I to Type IIIReality
Moving from Type I to Type II

• every erg of energy used in manufacture should
  produce a desired material transformation, every
  molecule that enters a specific manufacturing
  process should leave as part of a saleable
  product, the materials and components in every
  product should be used to create other useful
  products at the end of product life
• Striving to achieve these goals will lead toward
  more environmentally responsible processes!

28
Methods of Quantifying Sustainability

• Sustainability Asset Management (SAM) Index
• Life Cycle Assessments (LCA)
• Both are methods of ranking a product or process
  based on its footprint on the environment
  and/or human health.

29
Sustainability Asset Management

• A Swiss-based company that offers investment
  counseling and asset management services to
  investors. (http//www.sam-group.com)
• Produces a rating (SAM Sustainability Rating)
  that differentiates companies on the basis of
  their relevance of sustainability to the
  industry, sustainability-related opportunities
  and risks.

30
Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI)

• Developed to track performance of companies that
  lead the field in terms of corporate
  sustainability
• Basis Investors are attracted to Corporate
  Sustainability as long-term shareholder value is
  created by embracing opportunities and managing
  risks deriving from economic, environmental and
  social developments.
• Companies are selected to be part of the DJSI,
  are rated, and are subsequently monitored for
  codes of conduct (e.g., money laundering, tax
  fraud), corporate governance (e.g., balance sheet
  fraud, insider trading), customer relationship
  management, financial robustness, risk and crisis
  management, environmental management, etc.

p. 14 of guidebook!
31
Methods of Data Collection for DJSI Determination
Criteria definition General Industry-specific
Corporate Sustainability Assessment
Sources
of Data
Questionnaire Company
documents Media and
stake- holders Contact with companies
32
Criteria for Establishing SAM Index (DJSI)

• EconomicCorporate governance(3.8)
• Strategic planning(4.5)
• Organizational development(2.3)
• Corporate codes of conduct (1)
• Risk Crisis management (5)
• Intellectual capital management (2)
• IT management IT integration (3)
• Quality management (2)  
• Environmental Responsible person (2.6)
• Environmental policy (3)
• Environmental Charters (3.8)
• Environmental management system (2.4)
• Environmental performance (4)
• Environmental, health safety reporting (3)
• Environmental profit loss accounting (2)  

Economics
Environment
http//www.sustainability-indexes.com/assessment/a
ssessment.html
33
Criteria for Establishing SAM Index (DJSI)
(continued)

• SocialResponsible person for social issues (2.6)
• Social policy (3)
• Stakeholder involvement (4.5)
• Layoffs / Freedom of association (1)
• Equal rights and non-discrimination (1)
• Occupational health safety standards (1.6)
• Conflict resolution (1)
• Standards for suppliers (3)
• Social reporting (2.5)
• Employee satisfaction (1)
• Remuneration (3)
• Employee benefits (1.5)  
• Different risk related criteria for each industry
  group (15)
• Different opportunity related criteria for each
  industry group (15)  
• Total Score 100 

Social
34
Total Return of Investment From January 1, 1994
to February 12, 1999 for Sustainability Leaders
and Laggards of the US Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Industry
390
Leaders
227.5
340
290
240
190
Laggards
119.3
140
90
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
35
Auto SAM Sustainability Ratings Year 2000

• Highest VW Toyota
• opportunity Daimler-Benz
• 
  
• 
  Honda Nissan
• 
  Ford Fiat
• Lowest GM
  BMW Chrysler
• Opportunity Volvo
• Lowest risk
  Highest risk

Leaders
Laggards
36
Auto SAM Sustainability Ratings Year 2001

• Highest VW
• Opportunity
• BMW
• Chrysler-Daimler
• 
  
• 
  
• Ford
  Fiat Hyundai Peugeot
• Lowest GM Isuzu Mitsubishi
  Nissan
• Opportunity Volvo Honda Renault
• Lowest risk
  Highest risk

Leaders
Laggards
37
Auto SAM Sustainability Ratings Year 2002

• Highest VW
• Opportunity
• BMW
• Chrysler-Daimler
• Ford
• 
  
• Fiat Hyundai Peugeot
• Lowest GM Isuzu Mitsubishi
  Nissan
• Opportunity Volvo Honda Renault
• Lowest risk
  Highest risk

Leaders
Laggards
38
Why BMW, Daimler-Chrysler, VW?

• Best Practices
• All have alternative motors and emission-free
  auto technology.
• BMW Paint coating process/powder coating process
• D-C 1.5 B invested for environmental
  protection
• VW RD are integral parts of its EMS system and
  first to provide stock options to all employees.

• Room for Improvement
• Implementing alternative and highly efficient
  motors only in a few models.
• Communicate with stakeholders only on a
  need-to-know basis
• No implementation of minimum standards for
  suppliers

39
Guess what car I bought in 2001?Hint I used
the SAM Group Recommendations for guidance.
40
Life Cycle Assessment
Foam or Paperboard or Layered Wrap?
Incentive-Based or Regulation- Based Policy?
Paper Bags versus Plastic Bags?
SUV versus Compact Car?
Disposable or Reusable?
To Drill Oil in the Alaskan Wildlife Refuge or
Not?
Electric versus Gasoline?
Nuclear Energy or Combustion?
41
LCA Definitions

• SETAC looking holistically at the
  environmental consequences associated with the
  cradle-to-grave life cycle of a process or
  product.
• 3M looking at how waste can be reduced or
  eliminated starting with the point of generation
  in the manufacturing operation, to its
  processing, treatment or ultimate disposal as a
  residual hazardous waste.
• PG an attitude that displays an acceptance
  by manufacturers of consumer products of their
  share of responsibility for an environmental
  burden caused by their products from design to
  disposal.
• EPA examining the environmental releases and
  impacts of a specific product by tracking its
  development from a raw material, through its
  production and to eventual disposal.

Ecobalance
Resource and environmental profile analysis
Life cycle assessment
Cradle-to-grave analysis
42
LCA Determines the Impact of Each Stage of the
Industrial System
Coproducts
Raw Materials
Raw Materials Acquisition
Air
Formulation, Processing, and Manufacturing
Energy
Water
Product Distribution, Use, Reuse
Solid Waste
Other
Water
Recycle, Waste Management
43
Why perform an LCA if you are.

• An EPA employee?
• A company CEO?
• A process engineer?
• A design engineer?
• A member of Greenpeace?
• A product consumer?
• A graduate student?

44
A Simple LCA Example Gasoline or Electric
Power for Autos?

• Compare the impact of gas and electric vehicles.
• What stages should be considered? See next
  slide.
• What measurements should be used to make a
  decision?
• Criteria pollutant emissions?
• Energy use?
• Greenhouse gas emissions?

45
Gas versus Electric?
Refinery
Crude Oil
Crude Transport
Coal
NG
Fuel Oil
Oil and Gas Transport
Transmission
Refinery
Gas Station
Power Plant
Gas Auto
Electric Auto
46
Comparison of Energy Use/Emissions
Questions you should be asking What TYPE of gas-
and electric-powered cars are we talking
about? What type of energy source is
assumed? What kind of impacts were considered?
47
Electric!!!

• It turns out that criteria pollutants, greenhouse
  gas pollutants, and energy requirements are the
  same for each auto type!
• Why do you think that electric vehicles are
  considered more environmentally friendly?
  Consider the population exposure differences!

48
Three Stages of LCA

• Stage 1 Inventory Analysis
• Determine the scope of the analysis.
• Define boundaries.
• Collect data!!!
• Stage 2 Impact Analysis
• Determine the valuing system! CAN BE SUBJECTIVE!
• Stage 3 Improvement Analysis
• Conduct a comparative study with alternatives.

49
Flow Chart of an LCA
Scoping
Impact Assessment
Data Collection
Improvement Analysis
Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
Improvement Analysis
50
Top Layer Model
SYSTEM
Raw Material
Energy
Solid
Air
Energy
Water
Products
51
Acme Plastics Plating Top Layer Model
Gas/elec.
Products
SYSTEM
Pkg. Matl
Solid Wastes
Water Wastes
Water
Air Emissions
ABS plastic
Mfg. Matl
Waste Energy
Electroplating of Shower Heads
52
Acme Plastics Level 2.0
Waste
Product
Matl
Waste
Manufacturing 2.1
Product
Energy
Distribution 2.2
Recycle
Waste
Energy
User 2.3
Energy
Disposal 2.4
Energy
Landfill
53
Level 3.0 Manufacturing
Waste
Matl
Rec- Stores 2.1.1
Energy
Recycle ABS
W/W Treatment 2.1.6
Waste
Waste
Energy
Plastics Molding 2.1.3
Materials
Wastewater
Material
Energy
Plating 2.1.4
Tooling
Air Emissions
Energy
Product
Tools Fixtures 2.1.2
Product
Shipping 2.1.5
Waste
Energy
54
Level 4.0 Plastics Molding
Energy
Regrinds to Molding
ABS Regrind Pkg. for Reuse 2.1.3.3
ABS Waste
ABS
Molding 2.1.3.1
Energy
Water
Product
Product to Plating
Package for Movement to Plating 2.1.3.2
Molds Tooling Fixtures
Energy
55
Data Acquisition

• Obtaining accurate data is of primary concern!
• Primary Sources
• Manufacturer (IF YOU ARE LUCKY!)
• Secondary Sources
• DOE/EPA databases
• Local/regional gas/electric companies
• Peer-reviewed literature
• Trade/technical associations (AIChE, SAE, etc.)
• U.S. Depts. of Commerce and Defense

56
Sample Flow Chart Stages Considered for
Auxiliary Foam Blowing Agents
Katz and Lindner, JAWMA, 2003
57
HCFC-22 Manufacturing Data
Katz and Lindner, JAWMA, 2003
58
Fluorspar Mining Data
Next Step Assess Impacts on Environment
Katz and Lindner, JAWMA, 2003
59
Impact Analysis
Stressors --- Impacts

• Definition The process of revealing the
  environmental influences of the emissions
  determined in the data inventory and prioritizing
  them in order of their effects on the
  environment.
• Examples of categories abiotic or biotic
  resources, land use, global warming, ozone
  depletion, eutrophication, human toxicological
  impacts, etc.
• Established methods exist to quantify each of
  these categories.

60
Results of the ABA Study
Raw Material Extraction
ABA Manufacture
Use
Disposal
RM/MAN
USE/DISP
61
The Politics of Sustainability

• Whats wrong with our current environmental
  protection regulatory process???

Air Clean Air Act
Water CWA Oil Pollution Act NEPA
Safe DW Act
Solid RCRA
62
Division of Governmental Responsibility

• The traditional governmental division of
  responsibility into a large number of independent
  bureaucratic fiefdoms is dangerously faulty!
• (Ayres, 1994)

63
Pollution prevention and green engineering
regulatory or voluntary????

• Options
• 1. Industry discontinues P2
• Then P2 is no longer the ideal
  solution.
• 2. Companies cooperate
• Concerns of
  violation of antitrust laws exist.
• 3. Governmental implementation of uniform
  P2 requirements

64

• A level playing field among companies
  undertaking (or failing to undertake) pollution
  prevention appears indispensable.
• At the same time, government must give industry
  freedom to innovate, substitute products, test,
  market, and bring the full arsenal of technology
  to bear
• (Anderson, 1994)

65
Take-Home Messages

• Green engineering is the systems-level design
  of a process or product using environmental
  attributes as a primary design variable.
• The volume of waste produced warrants a new
  approach to process design.
• Sustainable development embodies this new
  approach by taking a holistic view of a process
  or product.
• Industrial ecology is the study of how a process
  or product affects the environment at every stage
  of its life.
• SAM indices and LCA are means of quantifying
  sustainability.
• Todays regulatory framework encourages
  cross-media transfer of pollution. Pollution
  prevention activities are predicted to be best
  regulated however, the debate has only begun!

66

• Dr. Angela S. Lindner
• 355 NEB
• 6-3033
• alind_at_eng.ufl.edu
• ENV 4612/6932 Green Engineering Design and
  Sustainability, Fall 2003