APES CH 6

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APES CH 6

• Population and Development

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Reassessing the Demographic Transition

• What do the developing countries need to do to
  undergo the demographic transition?
• Malthus foresaw a world headed toward calamity if
  something was not done to control population.
• He did not understand the advances in agriculture
  that were to come.

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• Two basic conflicting school of thought
• 1. We need to concentrate on population policies
  and family planning technologies to bring down
  birthrates
• 2. If we concentrate on development, population
  will slow down automatically, as it did in the
  developed countries.

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• In 1974 at a UN population conference in
  Bucharest
• the US was a strong advocate of population
  control through family planning
• developing countries argues that development was
  the best contraception
• their resistance was an expression of their
  beliefs that forced population control was
  another form of economic imperialism

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• Ten years later in Mexico City in 1984
• Developing countries were asking for assistance
  with family planning.
• The US (because of pressures from right-to-life
  advocates) said development was the answer.

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• Ten years later in Cairo in 1994
• poverty, population growth, and development
  clearly linked.
• more focus on environmental degradation
• the responsibility for population control was the
  responsibility of the developing country.

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Countries That Undergo Demographic Transition

• As birthrates decline
• working age population increases relative to the
  younger and older members of the population
• known as the dependency ratio
• at this time, the society can spend less on new
  schools and old age medical expenses and more on
  factors that will reduce poverty and increase
  economic growth.
• This is a window of opportunity.

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• Perceived reasons for large families, common to
  pre-industrialized agrarian societies.
• security in ones old age
• infant and childhood mortality
• helping hands
• education isnt seen as necessary especially for
  girls.
• Discrimination against women
• availability of contraceptives

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• Factors conducive to having small families
• high cost of raising children
• existence of pension and social security lower
  infant and childhood mortality
• universal education
• opportunities for higher education and careers
  for women
• unrestricted access to contraceptives

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Promoting Development

• GNP has increased for many developing countries
• developing countries have become more and more
  involved in global economy
• social progress has been made
• literacy rates
• access to medical care, clean water, food

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• However
• 1/5 of the worlds population live on less than
  1 per day.
• 1 billion lack access to clean water
• 800 million are malnourished
• Overall economic change is not enough, it
  requires directing development efforts to the
  poor. Economic growth will not by itself end
  poverty. Ending extreme poverty calls for
  commitment to the task and specific action
  directed to it.

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Millennium Development Goals

• In 1997 UN, World Bank and Organization for
  Economic Cooperation and Development met to
  formulate a set of goals for international
  development
• to be addressed
• poverty and its various aspects
• The result was a document called Millennium
  Development Goals
• MDGs

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• MGDs
• clear set of targets for for the developing
  countries
• each country expected to work on its own needs,
  in partnership with developed countries
• 8 goals on page 160

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The World Bank

• Established during WWII to help countries ravaged
  by WWII
• now functions under the UN umbrella
• deposits come from the developed countries
• funds are lent to governments of developing
  nations with an interest rate attached.
• World bank helps fund government projects they
  otherwise could not afford.
• They have done some bad as well as good
  things. Read p162

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The Debt Crisis

• As money has been lent
• some developing countries have become
  increasingly indebted
• credit-debt trap, the developing countries cant
  even pay the interest owed.
• This tends to be an economic, social and
  ecological disaster or many developing countries.

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• Focus agriculture on growing cash crops for
  export
• led to hunger and malnutrition, poverty
• Adopt austerity measures
• government expenditures cut so that a countries
  income can go to pay interest
• result, funds for schools, health clinics, police
  protection and road maintenance cut
• Invite rapid exploitation of natural resources
• logging of forests and extraction of minerals for
  quick cash.
• Disaster for the environment
• glut of resources, leads to oversupply and low
  prices

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• Jubilee 2000
• the G8 countries and the World Bank were supposed
  to cancel their bilateral loans to Heavily
  Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC).
• These loans consist of low interest loans or
  export credit debts
• Jubilee Research is taking up the work of Jubilee
  2000 and encouraging creditor nations to step up
  loan cancellation.

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• Some of the decline in aid is explained to donor
  fatigue
• some aid moneys have been used by corrupt leaders
• aid is increasingly being tied to policy reform
  in the recipient countries

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• A New DirectionSocial Modernization
• The Kerala example demonstrates, the shift from
  high to low fertility rates in developing
  countries does not require the consumerism of a
  developed country efforts are needed on 5 fronts
• Improving education especially women and girls
• Improving health esp. lowering infant mortality
• Making family planning accessible
• Enhance income through employment opportunities
• Improve environmental resource management

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• Note the focus in the previous points is on
  women.
• Women are most relevant in determining the
  numbers and the welfare of subsequent
  generations.
• Success in the 5 previous points is called social
  modernization.

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• Improving Education
• Basic literacy
• Illiteracy rates in developing countries among
  women is between 50 and 70
• Educating women is not considered important
• Basic literacy will enable women to glean
  information about basic health and sanitation,
  preparing basic food, conditioning soil with
  compost
• Korea and Pakistan had similar population incomes
  and growth rates in 1960. Korea had 90
  enrollment in schools, Pakistan 30. Within 25
  years, the economic growth was 3x higher than
  Pakistan and rate of pop growth declined to .8
  per year, Pakistans is still 2.1 per year.

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• Improving Health
• Not hi tech surgery or chemotherapy
• Basic hygiene, boiling water, treating infections
  and diarrhea
• Diarrhea is the major killer of young children.
• It is easily treated by giving suitable liquids.
• Infant mortality in developed countries 7/1,000
  in developing countries 64/1,000.
• Pre and postnatal care
• Clinics in rural areas as well as urban areas
• Also a way of delivering family planning
  information

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• Reproductive Health
• Prenatal care
• Safe childbirth
• Information pertaining to contraception
• Prevention and treatment of STDs
• Abortion services (where legal) and care
  afterwards
• Prevention and treatment of infertility
  elimination of violence against women, sexual
  trafficking, female circumcision and infibulation
• Additional womens health, diagnosis and
  treatment for breast cancer and cancers of the
  reproductive tract

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• AIDS
• AIDS is most severe in the poorest developing
  countries
• More than 90 of people with HIV live in the
  developing counties. Most are unaware that they
  are infected
• In Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa 20 of
  adult population is infected
• Impact
• Life expectancy in Botswana has changed from 61
  years in late 1980s to 39 years at present
• More than 1 million elementary students in sub-
  Saharan Africa have lost teachers
• AIDS stricken farmers are unable to plant or
  harvest crops
• There may be 25 million AIDS orphans by 2010

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• HIV drug therapy is expensive, require a health
  care infrastructure
• Estimated cost of funding to prevent, treat and
  care for people with HIV/AIDS ranges from 7 10
  billion annually.
• Best hope is to convince people to change their
  sexual behavior, practice safe sex.
• Education and literacy are important components
  of combating this problem

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• Family Planning
• Unmet Need women who are not currently using
  contraceptives but who want to postpone or
  prevent childbearing
• Ranges from 7 - 50 of women in different
  developing countries.
• Abortion
• The least desirable way to avoid an unwanted
  child
• Should never be used as a means of family
  planning

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• How Many?
• WHO estimates that 210 million women become
  pregnant each year. Of these 46 million resort
  to abortion. Half of these abortions are unsafe.
  80,000 women die annually from unsafe abortions
• Cutbacks in family planning result in more
  unwanted pregnancies
• Result in more demand for abortion
• In the US about 21 of 1000 pregnancies end in
  abortion
• Much of the decline is due to emergency
  contraception, Plan B and Prevention
• Family Planning Agencies
• Planned Parenthood
• UNFPA

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• The Cairo Conference
• September 1994, 179 countries participated. All
  signed a document agreeing to pursue basic goals
  set by the year 2015.
• Consensus
• Population is an issue that must be confronted

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• Program of Action
• Commitment by all 179 nations to a series of
  objectives over the next 20 years
• Empowering women
• Meeting peoples health needs, education needs
• Advancing gender equality
• Elminiating violence against women
• Enabling women to control their own fertility
• To fund, 2/3 of the money will come from
  developing countries, 1/3 from developed nations
  also developed nations have agreed to help with
  the technology

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• ICPD 5
• A review of the plan after 5 years.
• Program of Action is being implemented
• Changes in laws and programs have occurred
• Female genital mutilation has been outlawed in
  many African countries
• Family planning on the rise
• Bangladesh has encouraged the fuller
  participation of girls in school through
  secondary level
• Still some discrimination against girls and women
  in many societies
• AIDS levels have led to rise in mortality

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• Funding
• Has remained a problem
• Donor countries have not kept their promises to
  fund their share
• The US has acted to reduce US support of UNFPA
• Ted Turner and Bill Gates have made multimillion
  dollar donations to support UN population
  activities.
• The international community is taking the ICPD
  program of Action seriously.