POS 339 11192009

1
POS 339 11/19/2009

• Course Status
• Paper Assignment 3 due today.
• Class Agenda
• Presentations.
• Martin.
• Hewitt.
• Afghanistan.
• PBS Frontline Obamas War.
• War on terrorism as shadow war.
• Case Extraordinary Renditions.
• Sanctioned during Reagan Administration.
• Increased dramatically after 9/11.
• CIA black sites.
• Counterterrorism
• Proactive policies aimed at eliminating terrorist
  environments and groups.
• Antiterrorism
• Target hardening, enhanced security, other
  defensive measures.

2

• Counterterrorist options organized into several
  policy classifications
• Diplomacy, financial controls, military force,
  intelligence, and covert action.
• Legal, repressive, and conciliatory responses.
• Targeted and untargeted prevention.
• Theoretical groupings counterterrorist policy
  needs to be adaptive.
• Background The Scope of options.
• Use of force.
• Suppression campaigns.
• Punitive or preemptive.
• Covert Operations.
• Secretive operations assassinations, sabotage,
  kidnapping, extraordinary renditions.
• Use special operations forces.
• Operations Other Than War.
• Nonmilitary repressive options.
• Nonviolent Covert operations infiltration,
  disinformation, and cyberwarfare.

3

• Operations Other Than War (continued).
• Intelligence.
• Enhanced security.
• Economic Sanctions.
• Conciliatory responses.
• Diplomacy.
• Social reform.
• Concessionary options.
• Legalistic Options.
• Law enforcement.
• Counterterrorist laws.
• International law.
• Warlike Operations Counterterrorism and the use
  of force.
• Domestic operations collateral damage.
• International operations.

4

• Maximum Use of Force Suppression Campaigns.
• Example Israeli operations in West Bank and Gaza
  Strip aimed at Hamas.
• Military Suppression Campaigns
• US invasion and occupation of Afghanistan
  Operation Enduring Freedom.
• Israeli Operation Peace for Galilee Israeli
  strikes at PLO initially welcomed Sabra and
  Shatila massacres Lebanese resistance grows
  Hezbollah grows becomes popular fights Israeli
  army to standstill in 2006.
• Paramilitary Suppression Campaigns.
• Paramilitaries in Algeria.
• Paramilitaries in Colombia.
• Punitive and Preemptive strikes.
• Punitive Operation El Dorado Canyon.
• Preemptive Israeli strikes at PLO and Hezbollah
  bases, US invasion and occupation of Iraq 2003.
• War in the Shadows Part I Coercive Covert
  Operations.
• Interception of Achille Lauro terrorists.
• Assassination.

5

• Assassination (continued).
• US prohibited early Reagan Administration until
  after 9/11.
• Israelis routinely use.
• Example Wrath of God tracking Munich 1972
  Olympics terrorists.
• Surgical Use of Force Special Operations Forces.
• US Special Operations Command.
• Delta Force, Green Berets, SEALs.
• United Kingdom.
• Special Air Service, Special Boat Service, Royal
  Marine commandos.
• France.
• First Navy Parachute Regiment, small RAPAS squads
  and GIGN police unit.
• Israel.
• Sayaret.
• Special Operations Units Police.
• US FBI HRT DOEs NEST local and state police
  SWAT units.

6

• Operations Other than War Repressive Options
• Nonviolent covert operations.
• Infiltration useful but difficult in the era of
  New Terrorism.
• Disinformation create dissension and distrust
  spread damaging information about terror group.
• Cyberwar.
• Knowing the enemy Intelligence.
• SIGINT.
• HUMINT.
• Intelligence Agencies tasked with foreign and
  domestic collection difficult to coordinate
  lead to creation of Office of the Director of
  National Intelligence in the United States.
• Coordinates FBI, CIA, NSA, DIA, FBI.
• Problems of Intelligence Collection.
• Inter-bureaucratic cooperation intra-bureaucratic
  coordination.
• Intelligence collection and analysis inherently
  difficult.

7

• Hardening the Target Enhanced Security.
• Redirecting traffic.
• Creating barriers.
• Deployment of CCTV surveillance systems.
• Moroccos Desert Wall.
• Israels Wall.
• Long-Term Coercion Economic Sanctions
• Sanctions demonstrate condemnation of behavior of
  sanctioned regime.
• Sanctions are an exercise of the power of the
  sanctioning body.
• Sanctions can bear considerable pressure.
• Conditions for success
• International cooperation must remain firm.
• Trade leaks in sanctions must be controlled.
• Sanctioned regime must be made to suffer.
• Problems.
• Sanctioned regimes rarely suffer their people
  suffer.

8

• Long-Term Coercion Economic Sanctions
• Problems (continued).
• Sanctions coalitions do not always remain firm.
• Leaks in trade embargoes difficult to control.
• Operations other than war Conciliatory.
• Reasoned Dialogue Diplomatic options.
• Peace process.
• Negotiations.
• Responding to Grievances Social Reform.
• Shining Path in Peru.
• ETA in Spain.
• Giving them what they want Concessionary Options
• Payment of ransoms.
• Releases of imprisoned comrades.
• Broadcasts or other publications of extremist
  propaganda.
• Political amnesty for dissidents.

9

• Applying the rule of law Legalistic Options
• Law Enforcement and counterterrorism.
• FBI Chief counterterrorist law enforcement body.
• INTERPOL.
• EUROPOL.
• Police and Terrorist Environments.
• Varies in scale and mission depending upon
  environment.
• Traditional police work.
• Specialized services.
• Order maintenance.
• Paramilitary deployment SWAT teams.
• Police Repression.
• Less concern about human rights than order
  maintenance.
• Cases United Kingdom Guildford Four.
• Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism.
• Patriot Act.
• 1996 Antiterrorism Act.

10

• Terrorist Profiling in the United States.
• United Kingdom suspending civil liberties in
  Northern Ireland.
• Counterterrorist Courts in Algeria.
• Qualified Amnesty in Italy repentance laws.
• Torture Debate
• Abu Ghraib, Martin p. 501.
• International Law Legalistic Responses
• International Conventions on Hijacking Offenses.
• International Conventions to Protect Diplomats.
• International Court of Justice (UN).
• International Criminal Court.
• International Criminal Tribunal for Former
  Yugoslavia.
• International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
• Afghanistan.
• PBS Frontline Obamas War.
• Discussion Question Counterterrorist operation
  that is worth Americas continued involvement?