Organic molecules

1
Organic molecules

• Nearly exclusively made by organisms
• Chains of carbon atoms with other atoms or groups
  (functional groups) attached.
• Carbon is tetravalent- can make up to 4 covalent
  bonds- therefore suited to making complex
  molecules
• What about silicon?

2
Horta of Janus VI
3
Valences for the major elements of organic
molecules
Valence reveals the number of covalent bonds the
atom will tend to make
4
Representations of three simple organic molecules
5
Variation in carbon skeletons
Length
Branching
Double bonds
Rings
6
Isomers

• Same molecular formula- different structures
• Structural isomersdifferent covalent arrangement
• Geometric isomersdiffer around double bond
• Enantiomers (stereoisomers)differ around
  asymmetric carbon

7
Isomers
Structural- branching of carbon chain Geometric-
no rotation around double bonds Enantiomers--dext
ral vs. sinistral-mirror images -asymmetric
carbon
8
(No Transcript)
9
Functional groups
1. Hydrogen
2. Hydroxyl
3. Carbonyl
aldehyde
ketone
10
Functional groups
1. Hydrogen
Nonpolar, hydrophobic
Polar, hydrophilic
2. Hydroxyl
3. Carbonyl
aldehyde
ketone
11
Functional groups, continued
4. Carboxyl
H
5. Amino

H
12
Functional groups, continued
6. Phosphate
2 H
13
Functional groups, continued
7. Sulfhydryl
H-S
S-H
Disulfide bonds can link two organic
molecules
S-
S
2H
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16

• End intro to organic molecules