W E L C O M E

1
W E L C O M E
Technical Presentation Preparation and
Management of National Land Records
NLRMP Technical Fair 2009 15-17th Dec, 2009
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Outline of Presentation
Section 1 - General Information

• SECON Background
• SECON Core Competence Profile

Section 2 - Approach and Methodology

• Understanding of Project
• Scope Objectives
• Survey Importance Specification
• Approach and Methodology
• Implementation Strategy
• Time Period Project Deliverables
• Constraints

Section 3 - Relevant Experience

• Related past Experience Clientele
• Output Generated (Sample copies)

Section 4 - Miscellaneous

• Conclusion
• Discussion, Clarification and Share of
  information

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SECON Overview
SECON is an ISO 90012008 Certified NABL
accredited Company with over 625 personnel having
29 years of vast experience in the field of

• Engineering Cadastral Survey
• Mapping Investigation,
• Geospatial Data Processing for Infrastructure
  Projects, Highways, Irrigation Water
  Management, Water Supply Sanitation, Oil Gas
  Pipeline
• GIS Software Development

• Data Capture,
• Geospatial Data Processing,
• Design Drafting,
• GIS based Customization,
• Application Development and in-house Software
  Products

SECON provides end-to-end and cost effective
solutions for

• SECON is Financially sound, stable zero debt
  company
• Aesthetically designed 105,000 sft. company owned
  plug in office at Bangalore (H.Q) to accommodate
  800 workstations. Regional offices at Mumbai,
  Baroda, New Delhi, Hyderabad and Tripoli, LIBYA
  USA
• Resources include 250 Field Crew with required
  Equipments, Hardware Software etc,

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Core Competence of SECON
Design Consultancy and Engineering Services
Investigation and Services
Cadastral Survey , Land Acquisition Assistance GIS Driven Software Development
Oil Gas Pipeline Transportation
Irrigation, Flood Control Water Management
Water, Sewerage Storm Water Engineering
Town Planning Urban Development
Highway Engineering Construction Supervision
Environment Impact Management Plant
Asset Inventorisation for Infrastructure Projects
Right of Use Acquisition Permitting
Engineering, Property Hydrographic Survey
GIS/CADD Data Conversion and Maintenance
Geotech, Soil Investigation Foundation Engineering
Route Planning, 3D Corridor Mapping
Ground Water Resistivity Surveys
Underwater Leak Detection Turnkey Solutions
Terrain Evaluation Geological Appraisal
Photogrammetry and Image Processing
Web Enabled Enterprise GIS
TOTAL SOLUTION FROM A SINGLE WINDOW
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Project Profile
Pipeline
55,000 kms
10,000 kms
Road
1,000,000 Ha.
Irrigation
Infrastructure
500 Nos.
Drilling
500,000 m
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Understanding of the Project

• Computerization of all land records including
  digitization of maps and integration of textual
  and spatial data
• Survey/re-survey and updation of all survey and
  settlement records including creation of
  original cadastral records wherever necessary
• Updating and Maintenance of Land Records and
  Creation/Validation of Titles
• Computerization of Registration
• Modern record rooms/land records management
  centres at tehsil/taluk/circle/block level
• GIS Development
• Training Capacity building

Cadastral maps, Land Record Details, Titles etc.,
Integrated GIS Database Application
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Understanding of Project
Basic understanding and requirement Cadastral
Survey has two main components.

• Legal Cadastre
• Numerical and Graphical Cadastre

• Legal Cadastre
• Essentially involve ownership and title to deed
  which is best done by the concerned Department as
  they can exercise authority.
• They are also responsible for correctness of data
  and direct access both to the farmer as well as
  to the document.
• Private agencies have their own limitations, they
  are new to the area and not fully informed of
  local conditions, identification of owners etc.
• They cannot exercise authority on the owner
  during joint measurement nor have power for
  reconciliation of discrepancies noticed.
• Numerical and Graphical Cadastre
• Parcel dimensions are given to sub-meter accuracy
  by surface measurement.
• Depending on the degree of slope 1 in 10 and 1 in
  2, surface distance grossly vary with horizontal
  distance extracted from rectified print by 0.5m
  to 10m, which is not acceptable to the farmer.
• At the same time in a digital environment to
  generate seamless drawing, horizontal distance
  with bearing is considered necessary.
• Hence there is a need of having a not-to-scale
  graphical sketch that give actual dimensions and
  shape of field in the form of Field Measurement
  Book (FMB) which is in practice in most of the
  States.

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Scope Objective

• The National Land Records Modernization Programme
  (NLRMP) has been conceptualized to generate a
  comprehensive database with Computerization
  GIS.
• Following are the main scope of work
• Computerization of Land Records
• Survey/resurvey of Land Records
• Title Enquiry Process
• Core GIS Development
• Training Capacity building

Ownership/Landuse Details
Capacity Building
System Integration
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Data Collection Inventory

• The documents are variously lodged at village,
  taluka, district and state level. There is no
  centralized inventory listing out up-to-date
  status of land records.
• Considerable effort is involved to source the
  documents from various sources for which a team
  of retired revenue officials can be deployed
  with proactive assistance from the DLR.
• Documents to be collected will include old
  cadastral maps, Tippani, Field Books from
  concerned office.
• Other documents will include 7/12 record, Form
  6, 8A,11A,mutations and other textual data.

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Computerization of Land Records

• SECON has in-house software for automatic capture
  of data, transfer, processing and presentation
  supported by a large CAD staff equipped with
  latest hardware and licensed software.
• Establishment of Ground control points on
  required Tri-Junction, Parcel corners etc. in the
  Project area
• Georeferencing of Scanned Cadastral maps with
  respected to Ground Control Points
• 2d onscreen Digitization/Data entry/re-entry/data
  conversion of all Parcel lines, textual records
  
• including mutation records and other land
  attributes data
• The Land parcel will be digitized with the use
  sophisticated software and village-wise drawings
  will be developed
• Integration of textual and spatial data.
• The village maps will have both graphical /
  textual data, survey number, name etc

Digital Village Map
Topographical Cadastral Map
Georeferencing of Maps
Establishment of GCPs
Digitization
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Survey / Re-Survey Specification Accuracy
Standards

• Accurate Ground Control is the basis for
  generation of seamless scientific Cadastral Base
  Map in a digital environment.
• Planimetric and height control will be provided
  by the principle of whole to part.
• Ground Control will be in terms of UTM coordinate
  system on WGS-84 ellipsoid.
• Height control will be in terms of Indian Mean
  Sea Level. (MSL)
• Accuracy should be consistent with requirement
  and will be different for

• Control Framework
• Digital Parcel Mapping

Control Framework include
DGPS Control Interval Hrs. of Observation Accuracy
Base Station Centre of AOI 24 Hrs. 11,00,000
Regional Station Between 40 50 Km 3-6 Hrs. gt150,000
Primary Control Between 15 20 Km 1 Hrs. 150,000
Secondary Control Between 4 6 Km 30 Minutes 120,000
Tertiary Control Between 1- 2 Km 5 Minutes 110,000

• Circular Error (CE 90) of control points will be
  within 20 to 30cm maximum. It may be also noted
  that the IGS stations are located at IISc,
  Bangalore and NGRI, Hyderabad. The areas which
  are far off from IGS stations should have longer
  duration of DGPS observation, post processed with
  IGS stations is a must to achieve the above
  accuracy.
• Further controls are extended by DGPS Stop-and-Go
  method (5 minute)/ Total Station traverse so that
  tertiary control is available at about 1 - 2 Km
  interval and at definable points like village
  tri-junctions etc. within AOI

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Survey / Re-Survey Specification Accuracy
Standards

• Land Parcel Mapping and Field Measurement
  Accuracies
• In the case of Parcel dimensions, accuracy
  standard may be relaxed to decimeter as the
  parcel corners are not monumented and generally
  refer to field bunds having varying width and
  cannot be pin pointed.
• Hence 20 to 50cm accuracy for parcel corners are
  not achievable and can be disputed in the absence
  of firm monuments
• Height control is required up to 2 to 5m accuracy
  in flat terrain to generate data for Digital
  Elevation Model (DEM)

Digital Elevation Model
Digital Parcel Map
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Survey / Re-survey Methods

• Survey/resurvey and updating of the survey
  settlement records (including ground control
  
• network and ground truthing) using the
  following modern technology options
• Ground method using Electronic Total station
  (ETS) and Differential Global Positioning System
  
• (DGPS)
• High Resolution Satellite Imagery (HRSI) and
  ground truthing by ETS and DGPS
• Hybrid methodology using Aerial photography and
  Ground Truthing by ETS and DGPS

Aerial Photogrammetry Ground Truthing
HRSI Ground Truthing
DGPS ETS Survey
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Proposed Methodologies

• Base maps will be prepared in two scales. The
  suggested scales are under
• - Rural area include limit of village, survey
  number and parcels 12000
• - Urban areas include building limit, roads
  lanes
• (small buildings will be clubbed and shown as
  blocks) 11000
• Methodology
• Control requirement will be same as specified in
  Survey Specifications mentioned above
• Mapping Options
• Aerial Survey in one common scale to both Rural
  Urban areas 18000 scale
• (For subsequent mapping on 11000 and
  12000)
• High resolution Satellite Imageries
  0.5m/0.6m
• Conventional ground survey method for areas that
  are not covered
• by Aerial survey/ Imageries due to shadows,
  cloud cover, small areas etc.

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Proposed Methodologies

• Aerial Survey
• Aerial Survey is the most ideal solution but
  require MoD clearance with too many restrictions
  for mapping and unpredictable weather conditions
  for flying.
• It is not always cost effective. If Aerial Survey
  is considered, it is advisable that concerned
  Departments take the responsibility for the
  entire area rather than assigning the job in
  piece-meal to individual companies.
• There will be better coordination and volume
  discount.
• Satellite Imageries
• Free of restrictions and ideally suited for flat
  terrain to meet the desired accuracy. Cost
  effective
• Ground Method
• It is a time honored and traditional practice.
• The best suited method when there is not
  appreciable change in existing survey and data.
• It may be noted that existing survey should not
  be discarded all the time.
• The need for fresh survey arises only when there
  is extensive change.
• Otherwise updation survey is strongly recommended
  with DGPS control above to generate seamless
  drawing, edge matching etc.

Aerial Photogrammetry
HRSI
ETS Survey
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Proposed Project Flow Chart - Ground Survey Method
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Project Activities

• Tasks Involved
• Project Planning, Mobilisation and Sourcing of
  required data
• Framework and ground control by DGPS on WGS-84
  datum, Monumentation, Pre-pointing /
  post-pointing, Aerial Triangulation and
  Orthorectification
• Print out on appropriate scale for site
  validation of parcels, government, forest, other
  lands etc.
• Extension of DGPS control by Total Station
  traverse, survey of each property using Total
  Station. Collection / verification of attributes
  and ancillary information
• Joint boundary demarcation and identification of
  boundary corners
• Reconciliation of discrepancies and finalization
  of field book of individual plot
• Freezing of parcel limit and acceptance by the
  farmer/ owner
• Title enquiry and documentation
• Vectorization of parcel/ village map, reconciling
  discrepancies and generation of seamless map
• Village Register (Land Parcel Register)
• Generation of database
• Computerization at sub-registrar offices,
  automatic mutation notices with relevant changes
  in title, abolition of stamp papers
• Inter office connectivity between revenue and
  registration set-up and other data access
  mechanism
• Capacity building with proper training

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Approach
1) Prioritization of Project Area
Whole project shall be implemented Taluka-wise
based on the priority.
2) Data Collection and Documentation
Required data collection from Office of the
DLR /Department.

• Revenue Village Maps, Tippanis, Field Books,
  Akaar Bandh etc.
• Related 7/12 Record, Form 6, 8A, 11A etc
• Mutations and other textual data.

3) Storage and Retrieval

• As handling and storage of such large documents
  is itself, a major logistic
• requirement with separate arrangements to
  lodge the records village / taluka /
  district-wise.
• SECON intend to develop software to retrieve the
  documents at a given time.
• Record keepers shall be trained to store and
  retrieve the documents and there will
• be separate storage facilities with adequate
  safeguard against misplacement, fire and security.

4) Reconciliation

• Since the documents are old, not updated and also
  been sub divided over the years.
• Change in survey and hissa numbers needs to be
  reconciled between graphical and textual data.
• In some cases documents are in poor shape,
  incomplete and not available at all.
• All such cases will involve considerable
  research for each individual parcel and documents
  reconciled,
• made mutually consistent in order to prepare a
  overlay of existing cadastral map for further
• Superimposition with modern resurvey maps
  developed by Ground method.

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Approach
5) Existing Maps as Reference Material
Existing maps are of immense help for resurvey
and can be revalidated after physical ground
measurements and enquiry. After all, old
dimensions do not weary appreciably and lot of
effort has been put in to create the old
documents over the years. Hence, existing maps
along with data shall be salvaged and utilized to
the maximum extent as Reference Material.
6) Establishment of Ground Control, Accuracy,
Densification

• Accurate ground control is necessary for
  accurate survey output.
• Planimetric and height control will be
  provided by the principle of whole to part.
• Ground Control will be in terms of UTM
  coordinate system on WGS-84 ellipsoid.
• Height control will be in terms of
  Indian Mean Sea Level. (MSL)

DGPS Control Interval Hrs. of Observation Accuracy
Base Station Centre of AOI 24 Hrs. 11,00,000
Regional Station Between 40 50 Km 3-6 Hrs. gt150,000
Primary Control Between 15 20 Km 1 Hrs. 150,000
Secondary Control Between 4 6 Km 30 Minutes 120,000
Tertiary Control Between 1- 2 Km 10-15 Minutes 110,000
DGPS
Planning of Ground Control Points
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Ground Control Point Establishment
Legend
Base Station (Centre of AOI)
Regional Station (40 - 50 Km)
Primary Station (15 - 20 Km)
Secondary Station (4 - 6 Km )
Tertiary Station (1 - 2 Km)
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Approach
7) Monumentation

• Ground control procedures, density, accuracy
  standard, stone embedding shall be
• as per standards

8) Electronic Total Station Survey (ETS) and Land
Parcel Measurement

• ETS survey shall be carried out by original
  ground method to
• freeze the dimensions of each land parcel
  supported by LPM
• sketch in prescribed format with correct
  dimension and area.
• LPM sketch will fit in A4 size paper on a
  suitable scale in 2D / 3D.
• Salient surface features like roads, canals,
  wells etc., shall be
• indicated. Direction will be North South.
  
• Village tri-junctions will be marked in the
  clock-wise direction with
• cutting point, field bend points etc.
• Adjoining survey information will be furnished.
  Site dimensions with
• coordinates will be furnished in the
  approved formats
• All compliances shall be complied with regard to
  ground control
• and ETS.
• Accuracy will be maintained to ()/(-) 15 CM

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Approach
9) Serving Notice

• The owner will be served notice with parcel
  sketch other details to receive objections
• from the occupant.
• Objections received will be resolved by DLR
  officials and whatever modification, change
• will be complied.

10) Digitization, Superimposition of Old
digitized village maps

• The Land parcel will be digitized after site
  validation, resolving objections etc., and
  village-wise drawing developed. The village maps
  will have both graphical / textual data, survey
  number, name etc.
• The old digitised village maps supplied by the
  Department will be superimposed on the resurvey
  map as per guidelines
• Edge matching with adjoining maps will be
  resolved by rubber sheeting method

11) Reconciliation of Area and Post Survey
Activities

• Incase of resurveyed land parcel area is more
  than 5, such issues will be further
• investigated and resolved
• Encroached lands will be Identified and
  Recorded as per requirement of post survey
• activities

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Implementation Strategy

• Accuracy standard for control network may be
  limited to 120000.
• Scale for Base Map should be 11000
• Depending on the quality of existing data any of
  the alternatives of Aerial Survey, Satellite
  Imagery and Ground Method may be considered
• Height accuracy may be limited to 2 to 5m for DEM
• Aerial Survey is more expensive and delay
  causing.
• The alternate of using rectified 0.5m/0.6m
  resolution satellite imageries may be considered
  for flat and level ground supplemented by
  additional control point for undulating and hilly
  area.
• Vectorised existing Cadastral Map may be used as
  an overlay on the satellite imagery by rubber
  sheeting for generation of spatial data.
  Otherwise digitisation serves no purpose.
• Ground Method and updation may be considered as a
  third alternative
• Concerned Department is best suited for Title to
  Deed and generation of Land Register.

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Implementation Strategy

• The agencys scope may be limited to supply of
  spatial data by orthorectification
• Concerned Department may centrally organise
  Aerial Photography for entire area through single
  flying agency rather than hire different agencies
  for districts.
• It will reduce cost of mobilisation/
  de-mobilisation and there will be volume discount
  in pricing Monumentation should be limited to
  primary and secondary control points.
• Tertiary other control points to be established
  on rock-in-situ or permanent structure
• Use of check prints and print outs may be reduced
  to bring down stationery cost
• The agencies should be trusted for their
  professional competency and integrity to bring
  down the need for certification from concerned
  Department for all activity
• There should be rigorous checking and quality
  standard at all levels
• Mobilisation advance may be given interest free
  with assured pro rata payment Hectare wise, on
  achieving milestone as the process of bill
  certification is tedious

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Timelines
Planning and mobilization 1 month
Sourcing of Aerial photographs/Satellite Images and orthorectification About 6-12 months
Satellite imagery and rectification 6 months
Site validation and Title Deed (Parallel operation) 4-12 months
Ground Survey method, Updation, Title Deed 12 months
Core GIS Development 4 months

• Depending on the methodology a single survey
  agency can complete about 10,000 to 15,000 Sq.km
  in 12 months.
• Estimate should be realistic what is achievable
  than what is projected. Generation of cadastral
  data is not a mass producible item. Each parcel
  require individual care and attention.
• The capability of the agency should be judged by
  their ability for raising and sustaining number
  of teams for ground survey work. There is very
  little office work or technology involved.

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Title Enquiry Process

• The data generated after site validation will be
  documented for each parcel in spatial / non
  spatial database to prepare the Land Register in
  the prescribed pro-forma that will include
• Village maps, Plot books for each survey number,
  Main Register
• Aakar bandh with abstracts, 7/12 extracts, Forms
  4(1), 4(2) and 4(3)
• Demand Statement in a vernacular language
• Segregation the records into clear and disputed
  records based on the evidence available.
• Issuing notices to all the owners and call for
  the objections.
• Receiving the objections and hear to the
  objections.
• Requesting for the evidences in case of disputed
  cases.
• Examining the evidences produced before him and
  hearing to the parties will resolve the
• issue.
• Based on the title enquiry process conducted by
  the designated team, the team will prepare the
  draft title register and record all the
  unresolved disputed cases in the dispute
  register.
• The cases pending in the court will be recorded
  in the dispute register.

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Core GIS Development
GIS Integration of three layers of data

• Spatial data from aerial photography or
  high-resolution satellite imagery
• Survey of India and Forest Survey of India maps
• GIS-ready digitized cadastral maps from revenue
  records.

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GIS MAPPING

• GIS conversion of Landuse cadastral maps
  Thematic layer preparation
• Attribution and Final Cadastral Base map
  preparation in GIS
• Integration of spatial non-spatial database
  like land records and ownership details
  computerization of registration details
• Creation of seamless database by establishing
  links to handle both spatial and non-spatial
  information
• Generation of GIS linked Geo-database
• GIS Data Migration on to the GIS application

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GIS MAPPING
Projection System using for the Project
All co-ordinates are to be based on the following
parameters Projection Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) Spheroid WGS 84
Generation of Final GIS-MIS Linked Geo-database
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Project Deliverables

• Project work plan and Activity Schedule
• List of Control Points with Coordinates,
  Descriptions and Support sketches with
  Photographs
• Raw / Processed Satellite Images
• Hard / Soft copies GIS Compatible maps District,
  Taluk, Village wise
• Seamlessly mosaiced, edge matched in a Digital
  Database and Environment with layers
• Digital data of symbols, line types and text
• Check plots / Proof plots for site verification
• Final Hard/Soft Copy of maps at required scale
• Training / Capacity building of personnels

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GENERAL CONSTRAINTS
Obtaining timely permission from Ministry of Defence (MoD) and working constraints in a restricted environment MoD clearance is time taking with too many restrictions and lacks flexibility with regard to aircraft and crew. Require change in order. Even after flying, photographs are not released unless vetted by MoD. It may take anything between 6-12 months. Work has to be carried out within the secured premises
Timely certification and acceptance by the concerned Departments for cash flow Nature of work is such that there will be hold up for minor issues by the farmer, absence and non-cooperation
Proactive support and involvement by concerned Departments For timely supply of data, existing maps documents. Physical presence at the time of joint verification
Unrealistic and unworkable rate Unified rate may be given if number of districts are to be considered
Inherent delay because of joint demarcation, enquiry process and other issues. Free access to site and monumentation Local vandalism and obstruction
Massive mobilization and training of crew, sanctity of data collected due to time constraint Every State is coming up with similar projects and there are no single agency in the country who can generate more than 200 experienced site crews within a given time
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CONCLUSION

• The critical need for seamless national control
  network, proper monumentation of tri-junctions
  etc, may be considered. There is clear difference
  between legal and numerical cadastre. There will
  be gross variation in surface area/ dimension
  between plain and hilly terrain
• Existing maps and data should not be disregarded.
  Parcel dimension do not undergo change even after
  100 years except ownership and sub divisions.
  From experience it is seen over 90 of existing
  records and documents can be salvaged by careful
  updating. Major issue is producing seamless
  drawing which is not possible when there is
  numerical and legal cadastre is involved.
• Orthorectification is not the solution in
  undulating and hilly terrain. Whereas, existing
  system of surface chaining takes care of it and
  field book generated by physical measurement to
  the satisfaction of the farmer.
• It will be a national waste if existing survey is
  disregarded and total revision is undertaken
• It is once again reiterated that the agency
  assigned for the work should have proven track
  record for data capture, ground truth, ground
  control and hands-on exposure for Cadastral
  Survey
• Turnover should not be the sole criteria. The
  work require a focused and professional approach.
  It is best done by in-house competence and not by
  outsourcing
• Departments should quantify the work and arrive
  at a realistic price after taking into
  consideration the inputs required and prevailing
  market price depending on density of parcels and
  volume of work

33
Discussions Suggestions
SECON Pvt Ltd Plot 147, 7B Road Export Promotion
Industrial Park, Whitefield, Bangalore 66, INDIA
34
Thank You
SECON Pvt Ltd Plot 147, 7B Road Export Promotion
Industrial Park, Whitefield, Bangalore 66, INDIA
35
SARDAR SAROVAR NARMADA NIGAM LIMITED
Akarbandh DSO Record
Parcel Map - Prepared
Land Acquisition Statement
Joint Measurement Survey by using Electronic
Total Station including demarcation and taking
Longitudinal section of Canal and Preparation of
Pucca Proposal for Land Acquisition of
Distributaries / Minor Canals of Sardar Sarovar
Narmada Project
36
UTTAR PRADESH IRRIGATION DEPARTMENT
Topographical Cadastral Map
Digital Village Map
World Bank Aided Topographic and Cadastral Survey
Preparation of Land Records in Sub - Basin
areas of Uttar Pradesh 6000 Sq Km
37
CAIRN ENERGY INDIA PTY LTD - AERIAL SURVEY DATA
PROCESSING
Topographical Cadastral Map
Aerial Survey for Flood Damage Assessment for
Northern Area Development in Block RJ-ON-90/1,
Rajasthan
38
BANGALORE METROPOLITAN REGION DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY (BMRDA)
Topographical and Cadastral Survey work of road
corridors for Satellite Town Ring Road,
Intermediate Ring Road, Radial Roads and
Individual Town Ring Roads for all the Taluks of
Bangalore District under NHDP Phase VII Programme
39
HINDUSTAN PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED (HPCL)
HPCL Cross country Petroleum Product Pipeline
from Mundra in the State of Gujarat, Rajasthan,
Haryana and Delhi approx. 1006 kms long with
allied facilities for transportation of petroleum
products. Generation of Cadastral Survey data for
land acquisition. It is a complex project as it
involved understanding the Cadastral Survey
complexities and practices in 4 States of
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi
40
RIGHT OF USE MASTER (ROU Master)
A Complete Package developed by SECON for Land
Information / Right Of Use Acquisition System
computerization of Cadastral records. It is a
user friendly interfaces for automatic Generation
of 3(1) Notifications, 3(1) Notices, 6(1)
Notifications, 6(1) Notices, additions
amendments and generates project status report,
prints receipts generates other reports
41
INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LTD. (IOCL), NOIDA - CROSS
COUNTRY PIPELINE AND LAND ACQUISITION
Cadastral Map
Detailed Engineering Alignment Sheet
Carrying out Detailed Engineering, Cadastral and
Providing Services for Establishing Right of
Users for 174 km long Sankari to Asanur in Tamil
Nadu, 160 km Lasariya to Chittaurgarh in
Rajasthan and 141 km long Dadri - Panipat in
Haryana