P1246990952LMiUq

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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions TEMP Uniformly warm annual
temp 20C little annual variation
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions TEMP Uniformly warm annual
temp 20C little annual variation RAINFALL
Extreme seasonality, with a pronounced dry
season.
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions TEMP Uniformly warm annual
temp 20C little annual variation RAINFALL
Extreme seasonality, with a pronounced dry
season. EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS high in dry
season water limiting.
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions TEMP Uniformly warm annual
temp 20C little annual variation RAINFALL
Extreme seasonality, with a pronounced dry
season. EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS high in dry
season water limiting. LIGHT Never limiting,
neither seasonally nor beneath a canopy.
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions TEMP Uniformly warm annual
temp 20C little annual variation RAINFALL
Extreme seasonality, with a pronounced dry
season. EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS high in dry
season water limiting. LIGHT Never limiting,
neither seasonally nor beneath a canopy. SOILS
litter layer accumulates highly leached in rainy
season fertility variable.
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions TEMP Uniformly warm annual
temp 20C little annual variation RAINFALL
Extreme seasonality, with a pronounced dry
season. EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS high in dry
season water limiting. LIGHT Never limiting,
neither seasonally nor beneath a canopy. SOILS
litter layer accumulates highly leached in rainy
season fertility variable. DISTURBANCE fire
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions TEMP Uniformly warm annual
temp 20C little annual variation RAINFALL
Extreme seasonality, with a pronounced dry
season. EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS high in dry
season water limiting. LIGHT Never limiting,
neither seasonally nor beneath a canopy. SOILS
litter layer accumulates highly leached in rainy
season fertility variable. DISTURBANCE fire
NUTRIENTS and CYCLING Cycling is seasonal.
Litter accumulates until rainy - then nutrients
recycled
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions 2. Biota
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions 2. Biota
Diverse, but less so than rain forests
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BIOMES I. Climatic Determinants II. FORESTS A.
Tropical Rain Forest B. Tropical Dry Forest 1.
Abiotic Conditions 2. Biota Diverse, but less
so than rain forests This diversity perpetuates
the evolution of greater diversity (More niches
for herbivores, predators, pathogens, parasites,
etc.)
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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• 2. Biota
• Diverse, but less so than rain forests
• This diversity perpetuates the evolution of
  greater diversity (More niches for herbivores,
  predators, pathogens, parasites, etc.)
• Structurally simple - four layers, fewer lianas,
  no giant canopy trees or emergents

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• 2. Biota
• Diverse, but less so than rain forests
• This diversity perpetuates the evolution of
  greater diversity (More niches for herbivores,
  predators, pathogens, parasites, etc.)
• Structurally simple - four layers, fewer lianas,
  no giant canopy trees or emergents
• Less remains, as a of original, than rainforest
  because it is so easily converted to agricultural
  land and soil fertility is better.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP seasonal but not extreme - moderated by
  coastal currents. Cool - 10C mean.

San Francisco
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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP seasonal but not extreme - moderated by
  coastal currents. Cool - 10C mean.
• RAINFALL High but seasonal - dry summer
  moderated by fogs

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP seasonal but not extreme - moderated by
  coastal currents. Cool - 10C mean.
• RAINFALL High but seasonal - dry summer
  moderated by fogs
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP seasonal but not extreme - moderated by
  coastal currents. Cool - 10C mean.
• RAINFALL High but seasonal - dry summer
  moderated by fogs
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP seasonal but not extreme - moderated by
  coastal currents. Cool - 10C mean.
• RAINFALL High but seasonal - dry summer
  moderated by fogs
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS deep, rich humus layer, rich A horizon.
  Slower decomposition and shallower bedrock keep
  nutrients at surface

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP seasonal but not extreme - moderated by
  coastal currents. Cool - 10C mean.
• RAINFALL High but seasonal - dry summer
  moderated by fogs
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS deep, rich humus layer, rich A horizon.
  Slower decomposition and shallower bedrock keep
  nutrients at surface
• DISTURBANCE winter, treefalls, storms

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP seasonal but not extreme - moderated by
  coastal currents. Cool - 10C mean.
• RAINFALL High but seasonal - dry summer
  moderated by fogs
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS deep, rich humus layer, rich A horizon.
  Slower decomposition and shallower bedrock keep
  nutrients at surface
• DISTURBANCE winter, treefalls, storms
• NUTRIENTS and CYCLING stalled by winter and dry
  summer, but otherwise wet .

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 2. Biota

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 2. Biota
• Lower diversity, but tallest trees on the planet.
  In NA, hemlock and spruce in north give way to
  redwoods and sequoia in south

Football field with both end zones
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Sitka Spruce
Redwood
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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 2. Biota
• Lower diversity, but tallest trees on the planet,
  in NA, hemlock and spruce in north give way to
  redwoods and sequoia in south
• Also found in southern Chile and in SE
  Australia/New Zealand - tallest eucalyptus are
  tallest angiosperms.

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Sequoia semperviren
Eucalyptus regnans
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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• 2. Biota
• Lower diversity, but tallest trees on the planet,
  in NA, hemlock and spruce in north give way to
  redwoods and sequoia in south
• Also found in southern Chile and in SE
  Australia/New Zealand - tallest eucalyptus are
  tallest angiosperms.
• Structurally simple dark understory retards
  growth of understory except mosses... heavy
  epiphyte load

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP Seasonality is more extreme, with more
  severely cold winters but moist spring and
  summer.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP Seasonality is more extreme, with more
  severely cold winters but moist spring and
  summer.
• RAINFALL More even throughout year no
  pronounced drought period.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP Seasonality is more extreme, with more
  severely cold winters but moist spring and
  summer.
• RAINFALL More even throughout year no
  pronounced drought period.
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer but dry winter (frozen precip)
  - really determined by slope and soil.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP Seasonality is more extreme, with more
  severely cold winters but moist spring and
  summer.
• RAINFALL More even throughout year no
  pronounced drought period.
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP Seasonality is more extreme, with more
  severely cold winters but moist spring and
  summer.
• RAINFALL More even throughout year no
  pronounced drought period.
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS Soils are rich in nutrients and fairly
  deep

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP Seasonality is more extreme, with more
  severely cold winters but moist spring and
  summer.
• RAINFALL More even throughout year no
  pronounced drought period.
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS Soils are rich in nutrients and fairly
  deep
• DISTURBANCE winter, storms, fires on dry
  substrates

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP Seasonality is more extreme, with more
  severely cold winters but moist spring and
  summer.
• RAINFALL More even throughout year no
  pronounced drought period.
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS low for most the
  year hot summer
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS Soils are rich in nutrients and fairly
  deep
• DISTURBANCE winter, storms, fires on dry
  substrates
• NUTRIENTS and CYCLING Slow but efficient deep
  litter layer.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic
• 2. Biota

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic
• 2. Biota
• Deciduous trees dominate growing season long
  enough to grow new ones and still make enough
  photosynthetic profit to overwinter.

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic
• 2. Biota
• Deciduous trees dominate growing season long
  enough to grow new ones and still make enough
  photosynthetic profit to overwinter.
• Simple four-layer structure to forest.

CANOPY UNDERSTORY SHRUB HERB
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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic
• 2. Biota
• Deciduous trees dominate growing season long
  enough to grow new ones and still make enough
  photosynthetic profit to overwinter.
• Simple four-layer structure to forest.
• herbs flower in in spring when light abundant
  also when wind-dispersed canopy trees pollinate

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic
• 2. Biota
• Deciduous trees dominate growing season long
  enough to grow new ones and still make enough
  photosynthetic profit to overwinter.
• Simple four-layer structure to forest.
• herbs flower in in spring when light abundant
  also when wind-dispersed canopy trees pollinate
• Biota varies dramatically with climate, from
  northern hardwoods of Beech and Maple to Southern
  Poplar-Oak (moist) and Oak-Hickory (dry).

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• BIOMES
• I. Climatic Determinants
• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• 1. Abiotic
• 2. Biota
• Deciduous trees dominate growing season long
  enough to grow new ones and still make enough
  photosynthetic profit to overwinter.
• Simple four-layer structure to forest.
• herbs flower in in spring when light abundant
  also when wind-dispersed canopy trees pollinate
• Biota varies dramatically with climate, from
  northern hardwoods of Beech and Maple to Southern
  Poplar-Oak (moist) and Oak-Hickory (dry).
• Pines dominate early in succession, or on dry
  slopes, sandy soils, or other nutrient poor
  substrates.

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP A cold climate limits the growing season
  no "time" for broad leaved trees to make leaves
  and grow conifers dominate.Freeze-thaw cycles
  keep roots shallow

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP A cold climate limits the growing season
  no "time" for broad leaved trees to make leaves
  and grow conifers dominate.Freeze-thaw cycles
  keep roots shallow
• RAINFALL Precip. is low (40-100 cm/year).

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP A cold climate limits the growing season
  no "time" for broad leaved trees to make leaves
  and grow conifers dominate.Freeze-thaw cycles
  keep roots shallow
• RAINFALL Precip. is low (40-100 cm/year).
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS Severe in long
  winter due to low water availability

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP A cold climate limits the growing season
  no "time" for broad leaved trees to make leaves
  and grow conifers dominate.Freeze-thaw cycles
  keep roots shallow
• RAINFALL Precip. is low (40-100 cm/year).
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS Severe in long
  winter due to low water avaiability
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP A cold climate limits the growing season
  no "time" for broad leaved trees to make leaves
  and grow conifers dominate.Freeze-thaw cycles
  keep roots shallow
• RAINFALL Precip. is low (40-100 cm/year).
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS Severe in long
  winter due to low water avaiability
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS Soils are shallow due to recent
  glaciation nutrient poor due to slow
  decomposition, and often saturated due to shallow
  depth of bedrock and rapid spring/summer melt.
  Deep acidic humus layer. Bogs develop in
  depressions

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Bogs - water accumulates at surface
Permafrost reduces root growth and plant growth
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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• TEMP A cold climate limits the growing season
  no "time" for broad leaved trees to make leaves
  and grow conifers dominate.Freeze-thaw cycles
  keep roots shallow
• RAINFALL Precip. is low (40-100 cm/year).
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATIONAL STRESS Severe in long
  winter due to low water avaiability
• LIGHT Seasonally limiting in winter and under
  closed canopies.
• SOILS Soils are shallow due to recent
  glaciation nutrient poor due to slow
  decomposition, and often saturated due to shallow
  depth of bedrock and rapid spring/summer melt.
  Deep acidic humus layer. Bogs develop in
  depressions
• DISTURBANCE winter, storms

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• 2. Biota

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• 2. Biota
• Slow growing (but evergreen) conifers dominate
  spruce, fir, pine. Birch and Aspen are only
  deciduous trees to make it.

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• 2. Biota
• Slow growing (but evergreen) conifers dominate
  spruce, fir, pine. Birch and Aspen are only
  deciduous trees to make it at low latitudes.
• Communities grade south from sparse forest/tundra
  boundary with lichens, moss, and an occasional
  spruce to conifer forest to the white pine
  /hemlock/ northern hardwood transition with the
  deciduous forest.
• dense brush in gaps otherwise no shrub layer to
  speak of

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• II. FORESTS
• A. Tropical Rain Forest
• B. Tropical Dry Forest
• C. Temperate Rain Forest
• D. Temperate Deciduous Forest
• E. Boreal Forest(Taiga)
• 1. Abiotic Conditions
• 2. Biota
• Slow growing (but evergreen) conifers dominate
  spruce, fir, pine. Birch and Aspen are only
  deciduous trees to make it.
• Communities grade from sparse forest/tundra
  boundary with lichens, moss, and an occassional
  spruce to conifer forest to the white
  pine/hemlock/northern hardwood transition with
  the deciduous forest.
• dense brush in gaps otherwise no shrub layer to
  speak of
• dramatic seasonality to many animal populations,
  too migrate or hibernate