SELF

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Class Notes Psy. 2210 Chapter 5
Self Knowledge How We Come to Understand
Ourselves
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SELF

• Self-Concept
• Self-Schema
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Efficacy
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Self-Awareness
• Self-Monitoring
• Self-Presentation

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SELF-CONCEPT

• Perception of Who am I?
• physical (tall, female)
• skills competencies (smart, athletic)
• psychological (beliefs, shy, energetic)
• social (friendly, popular)
• groups (club, church)

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ORIGINS SELF-CONCEPT SELF-ESTEEM

• LOOKING-GLASS SELF (parents peers)close
  relations w/parents , broad limits, but choices
  input ,frequent ridicule rejection - peer
  views affect content of self-concept
• SOCIAL COMPARISON sibs of gifted -children in
  high-ability schools-differences redheads,
  minorityVarious Motives for Comparison
• SELF-PERCEPTION INTROSPECTION studious,
  responsible

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SELF PERCEPTION INTROSPECTION

• Overjustification. Adding Extrinsic Rewards can
  Decrease Intrinsic Motivation (prizes for playing
  math games)
• Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Experience Arousal
  Interpret Arousal
• (Schacter Study)
• (Swinging Bridge)

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SELF-SCHEMA

• A organized knowledge structure about oneself
  that organizes information and helps understand,
  explain, and predict ones own behavior.

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SELF-SCHEMA

• Notice
• Remember
• Self-Verification

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ININ
INFORMATION AVAILABLE
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y
Z
A C D E F G H I J M P R D
U X Z
ATTENTION
A D F H J R
D X Z
ENCODING
A D H R
X
RETRIEVAL
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SCHEMATIC INFORMATION IS MORE EASILY NOTICED
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Judged words indicated whether they were a)
in big letters, b) rhymes with kite, c) means
intelligent, d) describes self.
SMART polite athletic bright L
AZY More words were remembered when they had
been associated with the self. Self-schema
affects memory.
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Self Verification Choosing Interaction Partner
who Shares Self-Evaluation
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Self Verification Resisting Discrepant
Information
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Self Verification Getting Others to Share Ones
Self Concept
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Self Verification Getting Others to Share Ones
Self Concept
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Two Motives

• Self-Enhancement Seeking to Maintain a Positive
  View of Oneself
• Self-Verification Seeking to Confirm Ones
  Self-Concept
• When people have low self-esteem, these motives
  conflict. They choose self-verification if
• They are certain of their low evaluation
• Consequences of false evaluation are great
• They think they can use the feedback to improve
• Otherwise, people prefer self-enhancement

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SELF-ESTEEM

• How we feel about ourselves.
• Feelings about the self that come from our
  evaluation of our self against some subjective
  self-ideal.
• Positive (pride, satisfaction, elation)
  or Negative (disappointment,
  dejection, guilt).

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Aspects of Self-Esteem

• How one gets along with others (likable,
  friendly)
• Competence (intellectual ability, physical
  abilities, skills)
• Physical Attractiveness
• Personal Goodness (moral, ethical, conscientious)

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Self-Esteem

• Closely Related to Feelings of Relational Value
• INJURED BY
• Romantic Rejection, Expulsion From Family or
  Group, Failure,Unemployment, Loss of Loved One
• BOOSTED BY
• Praise, Love, Bonding, Admission to Desired
  Group, Accomplishment
• More Concern in Western Societies Because of
  Instability of Relationships

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SELF-EFFICACY

• An optimistic, yet realistic belief in your own
  possibilities. A sense of competence and
  self-confidence.
• More persistent, less anxious, less depressed
• Students-better grades
• Insurance Agents-more policy sales,less likely
  to quit in first year

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LACK OF SELF-EFFICACYLEARNED HELPLESSNESS

• Dogs -lack of control leads to passivity
• Giving nursing home patients small decisions
  (breakfast, when to go to movie)
  responsibilities (houseplant) -93 increased
  alertness, activity, happiness.
• Prisoners some control (move chairs, control TV,
  switch lights) - less stress, vandalism, health
  problems.

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SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
As As
Bs beliefs
behavior reaction
Teacher Subtle
More Expectations
Behavior Learning
Expected Self-disclosure
Liking Liking
Positive Voice for A
Less Disagreement
Expressions of Dissimilarity
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SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
As As
Bs beliefs
behavior reaction
Pretty Positive Men
Women Picture Personality Acted
Acted
Friendly
Friendly
Likely Unfriendly
Likely to Deserter
Abusive Desert
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• SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY (SFP)
• PYGMALION EFFECT
• GALATEA EFFECT

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SELF-AWARENESS
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SELF AWARENESS (CONTROL THEORY)
WHEN SELF- AWARE
DOES BEHAVIOR MATCH STANDARD?
CAN BEHAVIOR BE CHANGED TO MATCH STANDARD?
NO
YES
CHANGE BEHAVIOR
YES
NO
POSITIVE FEELINGS EXIT SELF- AWARENESS
NEGATIVE EMOTIONS AVOID SELF- AWARENESS
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CONTROL THEORY

• TRICK OR TREAT MIRROR REDUCES STEALING FROM 50
  TO 10
• PORNOGRAPHY CLOSER MATCH BETWEEN ATTITUDES
  BEHAVIOR
• WHEN SELF-AWARE AND BEHAVIOR DOESNT MATCH
  STANDARDS (FAILED TEST) SUBJECTS LEAVE EXPERIMENT
  MORE QUICKLY
• FAILURE TO MATCH STANDARDS LEADS TO NEG.
  EMOTIONS DISAPPOINTMENT, SHAME, GUILT, FEAR,
  EMBARRASSMENT

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Creating Impressions

• Self-PresentationConveying who we are (or who
  we want others to believe we are) to others
  through words, nonverbal behavior, and actions.
• Impression ManagementControlling and
  manipulating our self-presentation in an attempt
  to create a desired impression

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SELF-MONITORING

• THE DEGREE TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS MONITOR AND
  REGULATE THEIR BEHAVIOR IN A SOCIAL SITUATION.
• HIGH-Act in accordance with demands of social
  setting. See self as pragmatic flexible.
• LOW- Act consistently with their traits. See
  self as principled, acting consistently with
  values, beliefs, traits.

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• High vs Low
• Car
• Attraction to others
• friendships
• romance
• disturbed by injury to
• type of advertisement

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SELF-PRESENTATION TACTICS

• SELF-HANDICAPPING
• BASKING IN REFLECTED GLORY
• INGRATIATION
• INTIMIDATION
• SELF-PROMOTION
• EXEMPLIFICATION
• SUPPLICATION