REACTIONS TO RACISM

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REACTIONS TO RACISM
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Ida B. Wells

• 1862-1931
• Childhood
• Fathers belief in education and racial equality
• 1878 yellow fever epidemic
• The train to Woodstock, TN, May 4, 1884
• The Lynching at the Curve, March 1892

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Booker T. Washington

• 1856-1915
• Born into slavery
• Early education
• The Tuskegee Institute
• Vocational education

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Booker T. Washington

• Racial Philosophy
• Beneficial exposure to American values
• Ongoing service to whites
• The feminine voice of social consciousness
• Economic opportunity, NOT political equality
• Up From Slavery, 1901
• The Atlanta Compromise 1895
• Cast down your bucket where you are
• Basic legal protection in exchange for acceptance
  of segregation

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W.E.B. DuBois

• 1868-1963
• Early life
• Northern free black
• Highly educated, scholar
• Initial acceptance of Washington Philosophy

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W.E.B. DuBois

• Radicalized
• Growing white racism in the South
• The depression of the 1890s
• The lynching of Sam Hose, 1899
• Fighting for African-American manhood
• Souls of Black Folk, 1903
• Niagara Movement, 1905
• National Association for the Advancement of
  Colored People (NAACP), 1909
• The Crisis
• Legal Strategies

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Marcus Garvey

• 1887-1940
• Racial identity
• The Black Star Line
• Pan-Africanism
• Universal Negro Improvement Association, 1914
• The Empire of Africa

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Marcus Garvey

• Separatism
• Liberian Rehabilitation Project
• Black nationalism
• Criticism and downfall

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World War I

• Making the world safe for democracy
• W.E.B. DuBois Close Ranks
• African Americans in the military
• Officers and enlisted men
• Racial tensions

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World War I

• On the Homefront
• War bonds
• Food conservation
• Industrial workforce
• The First Great Migration

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World War I

• Racism
• D. W. Griffith, Birth of a Nation, 1915
• The (second) Ku Klux Klan, 1915
• Race riots
• East St. Louis, 1917
• Chicago, 1919

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World War I in Retrospect

• Demonstration of bravery and patriotism
• Exposure to a society with minimal racism
• Growing self-confidence
• Escape from the South
• Creation of vibrant African-American communities

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The Harlem Renaissance

• Origins
• Poetry and literature
• James Weldon Johnson
• Fifty Years and Other Poems
• Claude McKay
• Harlem Shadows
• Langston Hughes

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The Harlem Renaissance

• Theatre
• Lafayette Players
• Lincoln Theatre
• Musical Reviews
• Music
• Jazz and the Blues
• Louis Armstrong
• Black Swan Records

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The Harlem Renaissance

• Art
• Henry Ossawa Tanner
• Aaron Douglas

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The Harlem Renaissance

• Film
• The Lincoln Motion Picture Company, 1918-1923
• Entrepreneurship
• Madame C. J. Walker

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The Great Depression

• Economic and human catastrophe
• Self-help efforts
• Colored Merchants Association
• Jobs for Negroes
• FDR and the New Deal
• The Black Cabinet
• Judicial appointments
• The colorblind New Deal

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The Great Depression

• The Limits of the New Deal
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration and
  sharecropping
• National Recovery Administration Negroes Ruined
  Again
• Limits on Social Security
• Lack of anti-lynching legislation
• The Raw Deal

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The Great Depression

• The New Deal political coalition
• Shifting loyalties
• Oscar DePriest, 1934
• 1936 election
• African-Americans, labor, and women

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The Great Depression

• Eleanor Roosevelt
• Meeting civil rights leaders
• Marian Anderson, 1939

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World War II

• African Americans in the military
• Tuskegee Airman
• The U.S.S. Mason

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World War II

• On the Homefront
• The Double V
• The Second Great Migration
• Employment opportunities
• Racial tensions Detroit, June 1943
• The March on Washington
• A Philip Randolph
• The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925
• July 1, 1941
• Executive Order 8802
• June 25, 1941
• Fair Employment Practices Committee

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World War II

• Increased Confidence
• Economic opportunities
• New organizations
• Congress on Racial Equality, 1942
• Cultural pluralism and the Holocaust
• Faith in the federal government