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Science of Submarines

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... its design issues and some of its exploits during the Revolutionary War. ... weapons-delivery system. Turtle: Engineering/Design Issues ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Science of Submarines


1
Science of Submarines
  • The Turtle

2
The Turtle Submarine
3
Module Objectives
  • Learn about the Turtle submarine, its design
    issues and some of its exploits during the
    Revolutionary War.
  • Learn about buoyancy, what makes some objects
    float and others sink Archimedes Principle and
    Pascals Principle.
  • Learn about stability, what keeps objects upright
    on and below the ocean surface.

4
The Turtle
  • Propelled by pedals and cranks, hand-and-foot
    operated
  • Descended using valve to admit water to ballast
    tank, ascended using pumps to eject water
  • Equipped with a depth gauge, a compass, and a
    ventilator to supply fresh air when the vessel
    was on the surface.

5
The Turtle
  • Inflicted no damage to any British vessel, but
    changed course of British strategy through her
    use as a potential weapon
  • Alleged to have been sunk by British while being
    transported to a battle site
  • From a warrior's mentality, the submarine was
    a great addition to the world's war arsenal

6
Turtle Engineering/Design Issues
  • Engineering/design problems that had to be solved
    with the technology of the time
  • watertight, pressure-proof hull
  • vertical and horizontal propulsion
  • vertical stability
  • variable ballast
  • steering controls
  • weapons-delivery system.

7
Turtle Engineering/Design Issues
  • Engineering/design problems that had to be solved
    with the technology of the time
  • watertight, pressure-proof hull
  • vertical and horizontal propulsion
  • vertical stability
  • variable ballast
  • steering controls
  • weapons-delivery system.

8
Turtle Engineering/Design Issues
  • Engineering/design problems that had to be solved
    with the technology of the time
  • watertight, pressure-proof hull
  • vertical and horizontal propulsion
  • vertical stability
  • variable ballast
  • steering controls
  • weapons-delivery system.

9
(No Transcript)
10
Turtle Engineering/Design Issues
  • Engineering/design problems that had to be solved
    with the technology of the time
  • watertight, pressure-proof hull
  • vertical and horizontal propulsion
  • vertical stability
  • variable ballast
  • steering controls
  • weapons-delivery system.

11
Turtle Engineering/Design Issues
  • Engineering/design problems that had to be solved
    with the technology of the time
  • watertight, pressure-proof hull
  • vertical and horizontal propulsion
  • vertical stability
  • variable ballast
  • steering controls
  • weapons-delivery system.

12
Buoyancy To Float or Not to Float
  • Archimedes PrincipleAny object comp-letely or
    partially immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas) is
    buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the
    displaced fluid.
  • Pascals Principle Any change in pressure in
    a fluid is transmitted undiminished through the
    fluid

13
Some Terminology Metric Units
  • Mass is the amount of matter in an object units
    kilograms
  • Weight is the measure of the force of attraction
    between objects due to gravity. units newtons
  • Volume is the amount of space an object takes up
    units liters, meters3
  • Density is mass per unit volume units
    grams/cubic centimeter (g/cc)

14
Virtual Density Lab
  • Use the tools in the Virtual Lab to find the mass
    and volume of the various objects.
  • Drop the objects in the pail of water to see if
    they sink or float.
  • Find a relationship between the mass and volume
    of the objects predict whether the objects float
    or sink.
  • Density Lab

15
Some Density Results
16
Stability
  • Consider a submarine with mass m, and displaced
    volume V below the waterline.
  • The center of buoyancy (CB) is the mathematical
    average of all points below the waterline less
    dense than water.
  • The center of mass (CM) is the mathematical
    average of all masses mechanically linked to the
    submarine.
  • If CM is lower than the CB, the ship is said to
    be stable. If CM is above CB, the ship is
    unstable.
  • Stability graphic

17
References
18
Computational Project Ideas
  • The density of sea water is a function of
    pressure, temperature, and salinity. The flux of
    heat in and out of the ocean is constrained
    largely to the layer near the surface. At depth
    the ocean is approxi-mately adiabatic (no sources
    or sinks of heat). Find a formula which
    approximates density in sea water and calculate
    sea water densities for various oceans around the
    world. Compare your results with published data.

19
Computational Project Ideas
  • In the early 1940s, the US submarine Squalus
    was raised from the ocean floor by attaching
    air-filled pontoons to it. Consider the problem
    of raising an object of constant density from the
    ocean floor by attaching pontoons to it to
    increase its buoyancy. Bring the object to the
    ocean surface in an upright position.
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