Unit 5: Parapsychology

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Unit 5 Parapsychology

• Course Evaluation
• Quiz 4
• A Few Reminders
• Warm-Up Exercises
• Instructions for Lab Activity
• Data Sheet
• Analysis
• Debriefing

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Course Evaluation
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Quiz 4
4
Reminders
5
A Few Reminders

• Lab resubmissions and Lab Assignment 5 are due no
  later than Wednesday, December 9th
• Resubmissions are labs that were submitted on
  time, but require corrections.
• All quizzes and assignments will be available for
  pick up during the exam period
• See the lab website for my office hours

http//www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/stephanh/1106labp
age.html
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A Few Reminders

• Individual assignment quiz marks will be posted
  on the lab page of the website by Friday,
  December 11th please make sure all grades were
  recorded appropriately.
• If you find a mistake, bring documentation (i.e.
  signed assignment or quiz) to my office hours,
  before the final exam, so the correction can be
  made.
• See the lab website for my office hours
• http//www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/stephanh/1106labp
  age.html

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A Few Reminders

• Final exam is Wednesday, December 16th
• 9am to 12pm,
• FA-001 to FA-014 in the C_Gym
• FA-015 FA-016 in A118
• All inclusive, but emphasis on material since the
  midterm.
• Lab assignmanets 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
• Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
• All lectures from September 10th to December 8st
  
• Make sure you bring
• Your ID card
• Pencils erasers
• A calculator (optional, but useful)

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A Few Reminders

• Psyc1107 labs begin immediately in January. See
  the Winter Lab Schedule handout. Double check
  which section you are registered in it may not
  be the same as Psyc1106!!
• Term papers will be returned in January. If you
  are not taking Psyc1107, contact me by email in
  January to find out where when you can pick up
  your paper.

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Warm-Up Exercises
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Warm-Up Exercise

• Exercise 1 Calculate the probabilities
  (expressed in fraction form) of the following
  events occurring with dice and cards.
• Numerator the probability of the event
• Denominator the number of possible outcomes
• AND multiply the probabilities
• OR add the probabilities

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Warm-Up Exercise

• Probability of various dice roll totals

• Numerator the probability of the event
• Denominator the number of possible outcomes
  (6x636)

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Warm-Up Exercise

• Exercise 2 For the following statistics,
  indicate whether the results are statistically
  significant (using .05 as the cut-off point),
  and, if so, at what significance level.

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Tests Of Significance

• Comparison to chance
• Probability Setting the odds
• Significance Level (smaller better)
• Confidence Level (bigger better)
• Setting cutoff point e.g., 0.05
• Explanation for results
• Null Hypothesis (chance)
• Alternate Hypothesis (real effect)

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Chi-Square
Chi 4
Looking it up in the table
df k-1 1
(k is number of categories)
95 chance the coin is weighted or someone is a
psychic!
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Lab Activity
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Data Sheet

• Part I Dice (normal) group data
• Copy everyones data from the spreadsheet
• Part II Paranormal Individuals Coin Toss Data
• Summarize results, total number of head flips,
  total number of tail flips, and the total number
  of correct guesses made by the subject.

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Analysis Sheet

• Part I Finish this histogram by graphing bars
  of the mean occurrence of each possible outcome.

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Analysis Sheet

• Part II
• Calculate the chi-squared (?2) for the subjects
  correct guesses.
• Then determine the probability of this occurring
  by chance using the chi-squared table
  (Supplementary Sheet).
• Formula ?2 ? ((O-E)2 / E )
• df K 1 where K number of
  categories
• e.g. ((60-50)2 / 50) ((40-50)2 / 50) 22 4
  (p 0.05)

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Chi-Square
Chi 4
Looking it up in the table
df k-1 1
(k is number of categories)
95 chance the coin is weighted or someone is a
psychic!
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Debriefing
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Debriefing

• Calculation of Expected Dice Distribution
• Procedure for determining probabilities
• Mathematical probability is the ratio (or
  fraction) of the number of events to the number
  of possible outcomes
• Probabilities are expressed as values between 0
  and 1
• AND rule two possible outcomes and we are
  looking for both to happen, then multiply the
  individual probabilities
• OR rule two possible outcomes and we looking
  for one or the other, but not both to happen,
  then add the individual probabilities

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Debriefing

• Calculation of Expected Dice Distribution
• Effects of number of rolls
• The Law of Large Numbers states that the more
  observations made, the nearer the observed
  occurrences will approach the expected
  occurrences.
• In other words, the more you roll the
  dice, the closer the observed distribution of
  rolls will look like the expected distribution.

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Debriefing

• Calculation of Meaningfully Non-Random Guess
  Distribution (i.e. is your subject psychic?)
• Use of tables
• Use the ?2 table to determine if your result is
  statistically significant testing the Null
  Hypothesis
• Null hypothesis is the assumption that the
  observations are due to chance.
• Type I error rejecting the Null when it is true
• Type II error accepting the Null when it is
  false
• Textbook pp. 749-750

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Debriefing

• Use of tables (continued)
• The significance level is the probability of
  committing a Type I error the lower the
  significance level, the less likely the finding
  was due to chance.
• Possible explanations
• Alternative Explanations if not due to chance,
  then the result must be due to the Independent
  Variable (what was manipulated).
• Extraneous variables could also be a factor, so
  these must be controlled for in the experimental
  design (if not, a Type I error is still possible).

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Thats all she wrote!

• Remember
• Lab Unit 5 resubmissions are due by the last
  day of classes (Dec 9th)
• Final exam is Wednesday, December 16th, 9am-12pm
• See the lab website for posted marks office
  hours during the exam period