POULTRY

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POULTRY NUTRITION AND FEED FORMULATION
BRETT ROOSENDAAL NUTRITIONIST
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70 MEAT PRODUCTION COST 60 EGG PRODUCTION
COST
OPTIMISE THE CONVERSION OF FEED NUTRIENTS INTO
HIGH QUALITY SALEABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTS
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HOW DO WE ACHIEVE THIS ?
MEANINGFUL COMMERCIAL RESEARCH
PURCHASING OF QUALITY RAW MATERIALS
EFFECTIVE QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMS
MANUFACTURING QUALITY FEEDS
OPTIMAL FEED FORMULATION
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WHAT IS NUTRITION?
DIGESTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
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BIOCHEMISTRY
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COMPLEX SET OF INTERACTING FACTORS
EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE
ECONOMICS
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NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
FEED SPECIFICATIONS
DAILY ALLOCATION
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MAINTENANCE PRODUCTION
ENERGY AND PROTEIN MOST EXPENSIVE 85-90 OF COSTS
OF ANY FEED
FATTY ACIDS MINERALS - Ca, P, K, Cl, Na, Zn,
VITAMINS - WATER SOLUBILE - FAT
SOLUBLE WATER - TWICE THE AMOUNT
OF DRY FOOD EATEN
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ENERGY
CARBOHYDRATES STARCH SUGAR PROTEIN FATS/OILS
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY AME(MJ/Kg) GE intake/ Kg
- GE excreted/ Kg
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METABOLIZABLE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS MAINTENANCE BOD
Y WEIGHT 0.35 W 0.75 BODY HEAT (a - Bt) W
0.75 PRODUCTION WEIGHT GAIN (10L) (56F) EGG
MASS (25Y) (3.6A) (1.25S)
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LAYER 2.05 Kg BW 59.3 g EGG MASS OUTPUT/DAY
MAINTENANCE 0.35X(2.05 0.75)
0.60 HEAT LOSS (0.21-(0.0082X18))X2.05 0.75
0.106 PRODUCTION (0.0007X0.4FAT)X56 0.016
(0.0007X0.6 NON FAT)X10 0.004 (0.0593X0.32
YOLK)X25 0.474 (0.0593X0.56
ALBUMIN)X3.6 0.119 (0.0593X0.12
SHELL)X1.25 0.009 TOTAL 1.329
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PROTEIN
22 AMINO ACIDS - ESSENTIAL / NON-ESSENTIAL CORRECT
IDEAL BALANCE VARIES ACCORDING TO PRODUCTION
LEAN MEAT DEPOSITION HIGH LYSINE
EGG PRODUCTION HIGH SULPHUR AA
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IDEAL BALANCE OF AMINO ACIDS
AMINO ACID BROILERS LAYERS DUCKS LYSINE 100 100
100 TSAA 75 86 75 THREONINE 65 69 66 TRYPT
OPHAN 18 24 19 ISOLEUCINE 72 78 77 ARGININE 1
05 106 100
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LAYER FLOCK 2.05 BW EGG OUTPUT 58.7g/day
-4.18g birds eating 114 grams/bird/day
CALCULATION OF TSAA REQUIREMENT MAINTENANCE 13.0
mg/KgX2.05Kg 26.7mg PRODUCTION 10.15
mg/gX65.4g 663.8mg 58.7 (1.6 X 4.18) 65.4
g/day TOTAL 690.5mg LAYER BIRD REQUIRES
690.5mg IN 114 g OF FEED IE 690.5/114 6.06 g/Kg
FEED
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COEFFICIENTS FOR CALCULATING THE REQUIREMENT OF
THREE LIMITING AMINO ACIDS AMINO
ACID LAYERS BROILERS a b a b LYSINE 9.99 73
14.86 82 TSAA 10.15 13 11.59 60 THR
6.9 32
7.5 86 AA (mg/day) a x PRODUCTIVE
OUTPUT (g/day) b x LIVE WEIGHT (Kg)
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NUTRIENT ALLOWANCES ARE DERIVED FROM THE
FOLLOWING
FACTORIAL EXPERIMENTS (CALCULATIONS)
EMPIRICAL EXPERIMENTS
TRADITIONAL PRACTICE
ACCUMULATED EXPERIENCE
PREJUDICE
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MODEL OF RESPONSE TO LIMITING AMINO ACIDS IN
POULTRY
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TYPICAL NUTRIENT SPECIFICATIONS
NUTRIENT BROILER LAYER DUCK AME MJ/Kg 13
(3100) 11.9 (2850) 12.2 (2916) CP 22 15 21 L
YS g/Kg 13 7 12 TSAA g/Kg 9 6 8 Ca
g/Kg 10 35 9 P g/Kg 7.5 6 7 Na
g/Kg 1.6 1.6 1.6
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RAW MATERIALS
INGREDIENT NUTRIENT PROFILE
1 ACCURATE MATRIX
2 DEPICT THE CORRECT RELATIVE DIFFERENCE
3 FEED SPECIFICATION MUST REFLECT THE
INGREDIENTS NUTRIENT VALUES
4 ANALYTICAL AND BIOLOGICAL VALUES
5 WET CHEMISTRY / DIGESTION TRIALS
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BIOLOGICAL QUALITY
QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM
ANTI-GROWTH FACTORS eg TRYPSIN IN SOYA
RANCID FAT eg FULL FAT SOYBEAN
MOULDS - MYCOTOXINS RELATED TO STORAGE
MICROBIOLOGY - SALMONELLA
TOXINS - PESTICIDES
RAW MATERIAL CONTAMINATION
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EXAMPLE OF A RAW MATERIAL NUTRIENT PROFILE
MAIZE DRY MATTER 87 AME (MJ/Kg) 13.76 PROTEIN
8 LYSINE 0.232 TSAA 0.34 Ca
0.02 P 0.22 Na 0.015
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PREDICTION OF FOOD INTAKE
POULTRY EAT APPROXIMATELY 5 OF BW
EAT TO MEET ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
PREDICTION EQUATIONS BASED ON REQUIREMENTS
ME (kcal/day) BW(Kg) (170-2.2T) 2EM 5BWG
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TEMPRATURE
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FACTORS NOT RELATED TO NUTRIENT CONTENT
PELLETS VS MEAL
FEED TYPE AVERAGE TIME AVERAGE FEED SPENT
FEEDING CONSUMED (min/12hr day) (g/bird/12hr)
MASH 103 38 PELLETS 34 37
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SHORT DAY LENGHTS - REDUCED INTAKE
ESPECIALLY IN YOUNG BIRDS
TROUGH SPACE - POOR ACCESS / HIGH STOCKING
DENSITIES
WET FOOD - SHORT FOOD STIMULUS
UNPALATABLE - ODOURS,TEXTURES/TASTE
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FEED FORMULATION
IT HAS HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON POULTRY NUTRITION
MAGNITUDE OF THE CALCULATIONS REQUIRED
FORMULATION OBJECTIVE
PROVIDE CORRECT NUTRIENT INTAKES AT THE BEST
POSSIBLE COST
ACHIEVED BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING WHICH IS A MATRIX
ALGEBRA TECHNIQUE
COMPUTERS ESSENTIAL
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COMPOSITION OF POULTRY FEEDS
CEREALS MAIZE, WHEAT, SORGHUM
CEREAL BY-PRODUCTS WHEAT BRAN MAIZE
BRAN/GERM
PROTEINS FISHMEAL, SOYA OILCAKE SUNFLOWER
OILCAKE
FATS SOYA OIL, ACID OIL, FISH OIL
MINERALS/VITAMINS LIMESTONE, MCP, SALT
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TYPICAL LAYER FORMULATION
MAIZE 498 WHEAT BRAN 56 SOYA OILCAKE
48 236 SUNFLOWER OILCAKE 34 50 FISH
MEAL 25 MOLASSES 25 LIMESTONE 95 MCP 6
.8 SALT 3.5 DL METHIONINE 2.2 VITAMIN/MINERA
L 2.5
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ECONOMICS
1 OPTIMUM DAILY ALLOWANCE
2 OPTIMUM NUTRIENT DENSITY
3 ASSUMPTIONS REGULATE FEED INTAKE
ACCORDING TO ENERGY LEVEL IN THE DIET
EGG OUTPUT REMAINS CONSTANT ACROSS ENERGY LEVELS
THEREFORE SO DOES REVENUE
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FORMULATE A RANGE OF DIETS OF DIFFERENT DENSITIES
MANUFACTURING AND DELIVERY COST
IMPORTANT RESULT AS MANUFACTURING COSTS
INCREASE IT PAYS TO FEED LESS OF A MORE DENSE
DIET
LOW ENERGY DENSITY RAW MATERIAL
COST IMPORTANT RESULT IT PAYS TO FEED MORE OF
A LESS DENSE DIET
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CONCLUSION
FORMULATION NOT PURELEY MATHEMATICAL
NUTRITIONIST RESPONSIBLE FOR DETERMINING THE
VALUES USED IN THE INGREDIENT MATRIX AS WELL AS
THE FEED SPECIFICATION
PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE IS TO MAKE MONEY FOR
HIS/HER CLIENTS
FORMULATION ONLY 15-20 OF TOTAL NUTRITION
PROGRAM - FARM CONDITIONS CRITICAL TO SUCCESS
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4 DIFFERENT DIETS GIVEN TO ANIMALS
1 DIET FORMULATED
2 THE DIET MIXED
3 THE DIET DELIVERED
4 DIET ACTUALLY CONSUMED
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