Test Thursday

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Test Thursday

• Directional Terms
• Planes of the Body
• Definition Anatomy, Physiology, homeostasis
• Levels of Organization (chemical? organism)
• Functions of 11 Body Systems
• Major Body Cavities
• 9 Regions of Abdominopelvic
• Feedback Systems

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Chapter 2 Intro to Chemistry
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The basics

• Chemistry is the science of the structure and
  interactions of matter.
• Matter is anything that occupies space and has
  mass.
• Mass is the amount of matter in an object.
• There are112 recognized chemical elements, each
  designated by a chemical symbol.
• Elements are made up of atoms, the smallest units
  of matter.
• Atoms are composed of protons (), neutrons (0)
  and electrons (-).

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The main elements in the human body

• Oxygen (O) 65
• Carbon (C) 18.5
• Hydrogen (H) 9.5
• Nitrogen (N) 3.2
• Calcium (Ca) 1.5
• Phosphorus (P) 1.0
• Other elements include K, S, Na, Cl, Mg and Fe

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Chemical Bonds

• Ionic bonds Positively charged ions and
  negatively charged ions are attracted to each
  other. Ex. Na and Cl ions.
• Covalent bonds When neither of the combining
  atoms loses or gains electrons, but share them.
  Ex. H20
• Hydrogen bonds Polar covalent bonds between H
  atoms and other atoms. But, are considered weak.
  Join nitrogen bases together in DNA.

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2 Types of Chemical Compounds

• Inorganic
• Organic

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Inorganic Compounds

• Mostly lack oxygen
• Are held together by ionic or covalent bonds.
• Examples include water, salts and acids.

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Organic Compounds

• Always contain carbon and usually hydrogen.
• Always have covalent bonds.
• Examples include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids,
  carbohydrates and ATP ( all macromolecules )

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Water
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Water makes up 55 to 65 percent of lean adults
and is an excellent solvent.
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Water participates in chemical reactions. Ex.
Hydrolysis, the process of breaking down large
nutrient molecules into smaller molecules.
(digestion)
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Water requires large amounts of heat to change
from liquid to gas. This makes water an
excellent cooling mechanism by evaporation.
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Water absorbs and releases heat slowly, this
helps to maintain homeostasis.
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Water serves as a lubricant. It is a major part
of saliva and mucus. Lubrication allows organs of
the thoracic and abdominal cavities to slide over
one another. Lubrication is also needed at the
joints where bones, tendons and ligaments rub
against one another.
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The pH Scale

• Acids range from 06 on the pH scale.
• Bases (alkaline) range from 8-14.
• 7 on the pH scale is considered neutral.

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The body is sensitive to even the slightest
changes in pH. Anything outside of the normal
limits greatly disrupts the bodys function.
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Buffer systems are chemical compounds that
convert strong acids and bases into weak acids
and bases.