Dinosaurs - Part II

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Natural Sciences 360 Legacy of Life Lecture
16 Dr. Stuart S. Sumida
Theropoda (Including Birds)
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Recall
Crocodylomorpha Pterosauria Eoraptor
Herrerasauridae Saurischia Ornithischia
Dinosauria
Archosauria
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• THEROPODA
• Pronograde bipeds.
• Pneumatic (hollow) bones.
• Enlarged hand.
• Vestigial digits IV and V on hand.
• Highly extendable digits I-III on hand.
• Compact, elongate, narrow foot usually missing
  digit V.

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Theropod Feet Note missing V.
I
IV
II
III
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• CERATOSAURIA COELOPHYSOIDEA
• Difficult to diagnose, as they retain many
  primitive features
• Pronograde bipeds.
• Relatively small.
• Skulls are narrow, not boxy in shape.
• Many undifferentiated teeth.
• Best known taxa
• Coelophysis
• Dilolphosaurus
• Syntarsus

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Dilophosaurus a crested ceratosaur (No, they
didnt spit.)
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Coelophysis, skull
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Coelophysis reconstructed in northern New Mexico
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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• CERATOSAURIA ABELISAURIDAE
• Bony outgrowths over the orbits.
• Relatively short skull compared to
  Coelophysoidea.
• Blunt snout.
• Ornamentation on skull
• Reduced forelimbs (like T. rex), but retain a
  well-developed pectoral girdle.

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Bony outgrowths over the orbits.
Blunt snout.
Relatively short skull compared to Coelophysoidea.
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Carnotaurus
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Majungatholus
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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TETANURAE SPINOSAUROIDEA Include all of the
tetanuran features plus extremely elongate neural
spines of vertebrae creates a sail-like
structure on the back. Group named for
Spinosaurus which is actually not very well
known. (The animal in Jurassic Park III was
called a Spinosaurus but it was actually based
on an animal called Suchomimus.
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Suchomimus
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Suchomimus had an elongate skull, probably
indicative of being a fish eater (piscivore).
(Not a big nasty mammal eater as portrayed in
Jurassic Park III.)
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Suchomimus
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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• TETANURAE ALLOSAUROIDEA
• Nasal bone makes up part of the antorbital
  fenestra.
• Small diameter external mandibular fenestra.
• The quadrate bone reaching up to the middle level
  of the orbit.

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Allosaurus Royal Tyrell Museum of Paleontology
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Naris Additional Antorbital fenestra
Orbit fenestra
Allosaurus
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ALLOSAUROIDEA Includes three major
groups Family Major Representative Allosauri
dae Allosaurus Afrovenator Sinraptoridae
Sinraptor Carcarodontosauridae Carcarodontosauru
s Giganotosaurus
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Allosaurus
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Afrovenator is actually known from only a very
partial skeleton.
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Afrovenator African allosaur from subsaharan
Africa.
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Sinraptor Chinese allosaurid
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Charcarodontosauridae Charcarodontosaurus Also
known from incomplete material.
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Charcarodontosauridae Charcarodontosaurus Larger
(longer) than T. rex, but more lightly built.
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Charcarodontosauridae Giganotosaurus
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Charcarodontosauridae Giganotosaurus
Also larger but less robust than T. rex.
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Charcarodontosauridae Giganotosaurus
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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• COELOSAURIA
• Includes a number of feathered forms/groups.
• Group was far more bird-like than more basal
  theropods.
• A large, circular orbit.
• Semilunate carpal a distinctive, half-moon
  shaped bone in the wrist. This was key in the
  potential movements of the hands.

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Rounded orbit
Dromaeosaurus an advanced coelurosaur
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• COELOSAURIA COMPSOGNATHIDAE
• The most primitive members of the Coelurosauria.
• Small, pronograde, bipedal, omnivorous (possibly
  insectiverous) forms.
• Best known examples Compsognathus,
  Ornitholestes, Sinosauropteryx.

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Compsognathus Turkey
Small, pronograde, bipedal, omnivorous (possibly
insectiverous) forms.
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Compsognathus
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Sinosauropteryx
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Impressions of feathers
Sinosauropteryx
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Sinosauropteryx
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Sinosauropteryx
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Detail - Downey Filaments of Sinosauropteryx
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Sinosauropteryx prima a small feathered
coelurosaur from Liaoning, northeastern China
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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• COELOSAURIA TYRANNOSAUROIDEA
• Extremely large
• Large teeth D-shaped in section.
• Only two fingers highly reduced forelimb
  (including pectoral girdle).
• Well developed pubic boot.
• With Ornithomimids, shares Middle metatarsal
  narrow and wedge-shaped proximally

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THE FAMOUS TYRANNOSAURS Tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus Nanotyrannus Tyrannosaurus
(juvenile) Tarbosaurus Tyrannosaurus
? Albertosaurus Albertosaurus Gorgosaurus Al
bertosaurus ? Daspletosaurus Daspletosaurus Alio
ramus Alioramus Aublysodon Aublysodon Alect
rosaurus Alectrosaurus
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Tyrannosaur skulls are extremely robust compared
to other theropods.
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Note how wide across the palate the tyrannosaur
skull is.
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• COELOSAURIA TYRANNOSAUROIDEA
• Extremely large
• Large teeth D-shaped in section.
• Only two fingers highly reduced forelimb
  (including pectoral girdle).
• Well developed pubic boot.
• With Ornithomimids, shares Middle metatarsal
  narrow and wedge-shaped proximally

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Reduced forelimb, two fingers
Large Pubic Boot
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45 feet long
Sue The most complete, most mature, largest
Tyrannosaurus rex specimen ever found.
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Gastralia (belly ribs) of Sue (T. rex)
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CT-scans of Sues skull.
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Nanotyrannus Actually a juvenile Tyrannosaurus
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Tarbosaurus baatar (Asian form)
Considered by some to be Tyrannosaurus baatar.
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Gorgosaurus thought by some to be
Albertosaurus, a very close relative of
Tyrannosaurus
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Daspletosaurus
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T. rex Predator or scavenger? Probably both
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How fast could T. rex really run? Could it run
25 miles per hour? 40?
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Taking animal mass and the strength of both bone
and soft tissue into consideration, T. rex
tissues and bones would shatter if moving much
over ten miles an hour
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For T. rex to be able to travel at 20 m.p.h. the
amount of leg muscle mass required to generate
that much force would be about 95 to 110 its
total body mass. Clearly impossible. If legs
are allowed to account for 40-50 of body mass
(very generous), a conservative estimate for
cruising speed is 11 miles per hour. Quick
burst would have been 15 miles per hour at most.
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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ORNITHOMIMOSAURIA THE BIRD MIMCS
Flat claws on feet
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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THERIZENOSAURS We dont know if they are more
closely related to ornithomimosaurs or
oviraptorisaurs Whatever they are, they are
amongst the strangest of all theropods.
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Erlikosaurus a therizenosaur theropod
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Therozinosaurus Appear to be large, slow moving
analogs to giant ground sloths. They may have
been high vegetation browsers.
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Beipiaosaurus Specimen and reconstruction of limb
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Beipiaosaurus
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Beipiaosaurus
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• MANIRAPTORA
• Includes small to moderately sized theropods that
  are increasingly similar to birds.
• Adaptations of the hand for extreme mobility
  (rotatory ability of hand).
• Furcula (clavicle) (but tyrannosaurs may have
  one too)
• This becomes preadaptive for wing beat
  movement.

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• In our phylogenetic scheme, the Maniraptora
  consists of a polychotomy of four equally related
  groups
• Oviraptorisauria
• Dromaeosauridae
• Troodontidae
• Avialae (birds)
• If we had to hazard a guess, troodontids are most
  similar to birds.

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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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• MANIRAPTORA OVIRAPTORISAURIA
• (Bird Mimics)
• Late Cretaceous group of small to moderately
  sized maniraptorans.
• Toothless jaws that supported a horny beak a
  lot like a bird.

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MANIRAPTORA OVIRAPTORISAURIA Oviraptor skulls

• Toothless jaws that supported a horny beak.

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Khaan An oviraptor from Mongolia
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Oviraptor -- incubating, not stealing, eggs.
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Oviraptor egg with enclosed embryo.
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Ingenia an oviraptor from the Gobi desert
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Hand of Caudipteryx
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Reconstruction of Caudipteryx another dinosaur
with feathers.
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Reconstruction of Caudipteryx
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Sauropodomorpha Coelophysoidea Abelisauridae
Spinosauroidea Allosauroidea Compsognathidae
Tyrannosauroidea Ornithomimosauria Oviraptorisau
ria Dromaeosauridae Troodontidae Avialae
THEROPODA
Saurischia

Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
Ceratosauria
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• MANIRAPTORA DROMAEOSAURIDAE
• Extremely developed sickle-like claw on foot.

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Skulls of Velociraptor
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Extremely developed sickle-like claw on foot.
Deinonychus
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Deinonychus
Extremely developed sickle-like claw on foot.
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Deinonychus
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Deinonychus
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Utahraptor larger than Velociraptor, but
incompletely known. Only limbs are known.
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Sinornithosaurus A feathered dromaeosaurid from
China
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Sinornithosaurus A feathered dromaeosaurid from
China
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Sinornithosaurus Feathers on skull Feathers
on tail
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Microraptor Smallest known dinosaur ever
found (39 cm). Also had feathers.
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• MANIRAPTORA TROODONTIDAE
• Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia
• Complex system of pneumatic (air-filled) sinuses
  (much like birds).

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Sinovenator changii a chicken-sized troodontid
with feathers from the Jurassic of China.
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Sinornithoides
Troodon
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Feathered THEROPODA
Sauropodomorpha (?)Eoraptor (?)Herresauridae Co
elophysoidea Abelisauridae Spinosauroidea(?) Al
losauroidea Compsognathidae Tyrannosauroidea Or
nithomimosauria Oviraptorisauria Dromaeosauridae
Troodontidae Avialae
Saurischia
Theropoda
Tetanurae
Coelurosauria
Maniraptora
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AVIALAE TRUE BIRDS
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Protoarchaeopteryx
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Archaeopteryx lithographica(Late Jurassic)
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The wishbone (furcula, clavicle) acts as a
spring during flight.
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Many more types of feathers than hair.
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Individual feather more complex than an
individual hair.
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