Social Studies 8th Grade Review

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Social Studies8th GradeReview
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• Unit One Global Heritage of American People
• Nomads Bering Strait connecting N. America to
  Asia
• Southwest farming, adobe houses, villages called
  Pueblos
• Great Plains hunting, farming, killed Buffalo
• Eastern Woodlands Longhouses, rich resources,
  many wars
• Geographic Features use of these determined how
  Native Americans survived

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• Unit One Global Heritage of American People
• Iroquois Eastern Woodlands, upstate New York,
  Longhouse, the League of Five Nations
• Aztecs ruled in Mexico, powerful in war
• Incas Largest empire in America, organized
  government, South America

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• Unit Two Exploration
• Columbus 1492 - began Age of Exploration,
  Columbian Exchange - goods and ideas between
  Europe and Americas
• New Inventions navigation instruments, introduce
  wheel and gun to Americas, potatoes and tobacco
  to Europe

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• Unit Three Colonization
• Roanoke 1st American colony, didn't survive,
  known as "Lost Colony"
• Jamestown 1st permanent American colony
• Native Americans helped settleres get used to new
  land - Pocahontas in Virginia Squanto in New
  England
• Pilgrims sought religious freedom
• Mayflower Compact agreement about a local
  government 1st democracy

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• Unit Three Colonization
• Indentured Servants came to America by selling
  themselves as workers
• Triangular Trade ships always full - America to
  Europe to Africa to America OR (Am. / Eur. /
  Caribbean)
• Three G's God, Gold, Glory - 3 primary reasons
  for European Exploration Colonization
• The 13 Colonies
• New England (ME, MA, NH, VT) rocky soil, harsh
  winters,harbors, furs, timber, fishing

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• Unit Three Colonization
• The 13 Colonies
• Middle (NY, PA) fertile soil, milder than NE,
  wheat and dairy, ports in NY and Philadelphia
• Southern (VA, MD, SC, NC) rich soil, warm
  climate agriculture - little industry, tobacco,
  cotton, indigo
• mercantilism wealth to mother country colonies
  sell natural resources, mother country
  manufactures goods and sells them back to colony

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• Unit Four The American Revolution
• French Indian War 1763 British Colonists
  vs. French and Indians Britain won but lost much
  decided to have colonists help pay costs
• British Acts/Taxes
• Navigation Acts series of laws that made
  mercantilism into laws about colonial trade
• Writs of Assistance allowed British to search
  homes for smuggled goods
• Proclamation of 1763 colonists not allowed west
  of Appalachian Mts.

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• Unit Four The American Revolution
• British Acts/Taxes
• Stamp Act tax on all printed material
• Quartering Act allowed British soldiers to live
  in colonial homes
• Townshend Acts 1767 tax on most imports
• Intolerable Acts 1774 Also called Coercive
  Acts closed Boston Harbor following Boston Tea
  Party
• Boston Massacre 1770 5 colonists killed
• Boston Tea Party 1773 Tea dumped in harbor to
  protest Tea Tax

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• Unit Four The American Revolution
• Declaration of Independence explained reasons
  for revolution
• Continental Congress 1774, meeting of
  Representatives from Colonies to make decisions
• July 4, 1776 Congress signs DOI
• Jefferson, Franklin, Adams wrote DOI
• Fighting Begins April, 1775 Lexington and
  Concord - first battle of war
• Patriots supported rebellion
• Loyalists supported Great Britain and King George

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• Unit Four The American Revolution
• Major Battles
• Lexington Concord April, 1775 Lexington and
  Concord - first battle of war
• Battle of Saratoga 1777 Americans win turning
  point of war France enters
• Yorktown 1781 Final Battle won by Washington
  with help from French war ships war over
• Treaty of Paris 1783 Britain recognizes US as
  an independent nation

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• Unit Five Experiments in Government
• Articles of Confederation loose union powerful
  states, weak central government
• Constitutional Convention 1787 meeting of
  states' representatives to create new government
• Great Compromise
• 2 house legislature
• House of Representatives - representation based
  on population (favoring large states)
• Senate - 2 per state (favoring small states)

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• Unit Five Experiments in Government
• Constitutional Convention Constitution created
  through many compromises
• 3/5s Compromise
• Every 5 slaves would count as 3 whites in
  counting population for representation
• Slave trading will stop in 1808, but slavery
  could still exist
• Electoral College
• President elected by separate group from each
  state

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• Unit Five Experiments in Government
• Constitution framework for government
• Articles
• Explain structure and power of branches
• Amendments
• Changes made to Constitution over time
• Three Branches
• Executive President (enforces laws)
• Legislative Congress House of Reps. Senate
  (makes the laws)
• Judicial Supreme Court (interprets the laws)

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• Unit Five Experiments in Government
• Federalism dividing power between national and
  state government
• Checks and Balances so that one single branch
  would become too powerful
• Separation of Powers three branches
• Ratification (approval)
• Federalists favored Const. strong central
  govn't
• Anti-Federalists against Const. - for weaker
  govn't
• Federalist Papers writings that encouraged
  support for ratification of Const.

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• Unit Five Experiments in Government
• Elastic Clause gave Congress the right to "pass
  all laws necessary and proper" to carry out their
  powers - (elastic flexible)
• Bill of Rights first 10 Amendments - rights and
  liberties of Americans
• New York State Government
• Legislative - Assembly and Senate
• Executive - Governor (Pataki)
• Judicial - Court of Appeals

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• Unit Six Life in the New Nation
• Setting Precedents a tradition that becomes
  standard (Washington decided he should be
  addressed as "Mr. President." That precedent
  continues.)
• President's Cabinet advisors to the President
  State (foreign affairs), Treasury, War were
  1st ones
• Marbury vs. Madison 1801 - Precedent that
  Supreme Court has judicial review - the right to
  rule on acts of other branches

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• Unit Six Life in the New Nation
• Political Parties none during Washington's terms
• Federalists led by Hamilton - in favor of
  strong central government controlled by an
  educated wealthy class
• Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson - in
  favor of states rights, and rule by the people
• serving two terms precedent set by Washington -
  not changed until FDR in 1941

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• Unit Six Life in the New Nation
• War of 1812
• war against Britain (2nd Revolution)
• British interfered with American shipping
• Treaty of Ghent - ends in a draw
• Andrew Jackson
• "Spoils System" supporters of President get the
  most jobs - Jackson appointed many new people to
  government positions
• The Common Man Jackson was a patriot, a war
  hero and a self-made man

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• Unit Six Life in the New Nation
• Andrew Jackson
• India Removal Act sided with settlers
• "bought" NA land - Indians moved to Indian
  Territory (now Oklahoma)
• "Trail of Tears" - Cherokee Indians trip from
  Georgia to Oklahoma

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• Unit Seven Westward Expansion
• Manifest Destiny belief US will acquire all land
  "from sea to shining sea"
• a. Louisiana Purchase - 1803 bought from
  France doubled size of US
• b. Florida Cession - 1819 given to US by Spain
• c. Texas Annexation - 1845 following 10 year
  independence and war with Mexico
• d. Oregon Territory - 1846 from Britain by
  treaty set border w/ Canada at 540 400
• e. Mexican Cession - 1848 after Mexican War
  California New Mexico for 15 million

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• Unit Seven Westward Expansion
• Manifest Destiny belief US will acquire all land
  "from sea to shining sea"
• f. Gadsden Purchase - 1853 bought from Mexico
  completed current size of US
• Effects N A negatively, pushed off land, lives
  lost, culture gone, most live on reservations
• Effects Slavery as territories added, arguments
  arose about whether territories are slave or free
• Effects Wildlife negatively, Buffalo on Great
  Plaines gone, Transcontinental RR industrialized
  the west

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• Unit Eight The Civil War
• Differences between North and South diff.
  climates led to diff. economies NIndustry
  SPlantation S needed slaves for

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• Unit Eight The Civil War
• Slavery Abolitionists
• Harriet Tubman led underground RR
• Douglass escaped slave who helped others (in
  Rochester)
• Underground RR network of secret housing
  running north to help slaves escape
• Stowe book that showed the cruelty of slavery

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• Unit Eight The Civil War
• Events leading to Civil War
• Missouri Comp. 1820 keep balance in Congress
  Missouri slave state Maine free state
• 1850 California - Free state New Mexico Utah
  territory open to slavery OK fugitive slave law
• Dred Scott Supreme Court slave is property
• Bleeding Kansas Nebraska free state Kansas
  decide by popular sovereignty (people's choice)
  created chaos

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• Unit Eight The Civil War
• Events leading to Civil War
• Lincoln's Election Spark of Civil War
• slavery may exist where it is, but must not
  expand south is angry, feels threatened because
  slavery is a way of life
• Secession South leaves the union (secedes) -
  Ft. Sumter - 1st shots fired (April, 1861)
• Turning Points/Battles Lincoln's goal Preserve
  Union
• Bull Run 1st battle picnic south easily wins

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• Unit Eight The Civil War
• Turning Points/Battles
• Gettysburg 1863 one of bloodiest thousands
  die turning point for north Lincoln give
  Address - gives north spirit reason to fight
• Antietam North won, but costly battle IP given
  after battle - frees slaves in rebel territory -
  another reason for north (abolish slavery)
• Sherman final straw complete destruction as
  his army moves to the southern coast
• Appomattox 1965 Lee honorably surrenders to
  Grant union preserved In My Father's House

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• Unit Nine Reconstruction
• Different Plans
• Johnson easy on the south
• Republicans harsh on south tried to remove
  Johnson (stayed in office by one vote) enacted
  their own plan
• African American Advances
• 13th abolished slavery
• 14th all Af-Am are citizens
• 15th Gave Af-Am the right to vote
• Freedman's helped freed slaves - schools,
  hospitals, food

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• Unit Nine Reconstruction
• Treatment of African Americans
• Literacy prevent from voting or having any
  political power
• Black Codes harsh and degrading rules in south
  (ie. - curfews, couldn't assemble)
• Jim Crow Laws allowed segregation - separation
  of Blacks and whites
• KKK Ku Klux Klan hated blacks, harassed, beat
  and murdered them (lynching)
• Plessy v. Ferguson 1899 Supreme Court Case -
  Separate but equal is OK

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• Unit Ten Civil Rights Movement
• Methods of protest peaceful protests often met
  with violence
• sit-ins
• boycotts
• demonstration
• speeches
• freedom rides
• marches

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• Unit Ten Civil Rights Movement
• Influential Leaders
• Martin Luther King, Jr. Gave famous I Have a
  Dream speech leader of Civil Rights movement
  for equality of African Americans assassinated
  in 1968
• Rosa Parks began Montgomery Bus Boycott would
  not give up seat fueled entire movement boycott
  worked

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• Unit Ten Civil Rights Movement
• School desegregation Allowing Blacks into school
  with whites
• Brown vs. Board 1954 Supreme Court case Said
  that segregation is UNCONSTITUTIONAL Integrated
  schools society reversed Plessy v. Ferguson
• Little Rock Nine 1957 the 9 children who
  attended Central High School after Brown v. Board
  of Ed. Decision.

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• Unit Eleven An Industrialized Society
• Rise of Machines not man-made
• Mass Production goods produced faster, cheaper,
  are more available
• Assembly Line increases production, one man
  does same job, over and over and over
• Changes for workers jobs are boring never see
  final product work long hours in dim light hot
  room begin to feel detached from job

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• Unit Eleven An Industrialized Society
• Large Corporations
• Monopoly one large business controls an entire
  industry (ex. Rockefeller and his oil company)
• Stocks a person may own a small part of a
  company shares in profits of company
• Entrepreneurs a business with an idea, begins a
  business, may become very wealthy (Bill Gates)

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• Unit Eleven An Industrialized Society
• Poor Working conditions/ Labor Unions
• long hours
• little pay
• unhealthy conditions
• child labor
• harsh conditions
• sweatshops
• no workers compensation

Workers united in labor unions (collective
bargaining) to fight for better working
conditions pay
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• Unit Twelve Immigration
• Push/Pull Factors Reasons for migration

Push Economic declinenatural disastersreligious
persecutionstarvationovercrowding
Pull Opportunityemployment-jobslandreligious
freedomriches
NYC melting pot man different cultures living
together in the city
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• Unit Twelve Immigration
• Urbanization/City Life
• Skyscrapers had to build upward
• Ethnic enclaves people of one culture live
  near each other preserve traditions
• Ten-cents a spot living crowded, unsanitary,
  multiple families also faced hard working
  conditions

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• Unit Twelve Immigration
• Nativism
• belief that native born citizens should get jobs
  and opportunities first
• nativists opposed immigration
• Unit Thirteen The Progressive Era (spirit of
  reform making society better)
• Progressive Reform work on political, economic,
  and social problems to improve the quality of
  life
• Reformers well-educated strong moral values

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• Unit Thirteen The Progressive Era
• Famous Reformers
• Roosevelt believed monopolies ruined
  competition busted trusts (monopolies) to give
  other businesses a chance
• John Muir worked to protect nature and wild
  life pushed for national state parks
• Upton Sinclair a muckraker uncovered horrors
  of meat-packing industry wrote The Jungle

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• Unit Thirteen The Progressive Era
• Famous Reformers
• Susan B. Anthony worked for womens rights
  suffrage others Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice
  Paul, Carrie Chapman Catt, Lucy Stone, Jeanette
  Rankin
• Jane Addams established Hull House, a
  settlement house in a Chicago slum neighborhood
  offered adult education, job training, child care
  and meals
• Mother Jones fought to end child labor

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• Unit Thirteen The Progressive Era
• Famous Reformers
• Muckrakers Progressive journalists who wrote
  articles exposing the evils of big business
  (turned up the dirty side of life) helped to
  pass many reform laws
• Purpose Methods of Reform to clean up society,
  expand rights, improve the environment combat
  the evils of big business
• Methods writing, protesting, helping, lobbying

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• Unit Thirteen The Progressive Era
• Famous Reformers
• Muckrakers Progressive journalists who wrote
  articles exposing the evils of big business
  (turned up the dirty side of life) helped to
  pass many reform laws
• Purpose Methods of Reform to clean up society,
  expand rights, improve the environment combat
  the evils of big business
• Methods writing, protesting, helping, lobbying

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• Unit Fourteen Imperialism and Expansion
• Presidents Foreign Policies
• Washingtons Farewell Address be friendly to
  all nations stay neutral no permanent
  alliances trade with all, stay out of European
  affairs
• Monroe Doctrine added to Washingtons ideas
  Europe may not colonize in the Americas if they
  do, it will be considered a threat to the US

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• Unit Fourteen Imperialism and Expansion
• Presidents Foreign Policies
• Roosevelt Corollary added to Monroes the US
  may intervene in Latin America when necessary to
  help the nations (pay debts, organize
  governments, put down revolutions)
• US should act as an international police force
  called the Big Stick policy
• Monroe Doctrine added to Washingtons ideas
  Europe may not colonize in the Americas if they
  do, it will be considered a threat to the US

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• Unit Fourteen Imperialism and Expansion
• Examples of United States Imperialism
• Latin America T. Roosevelt - helped Venezuala
  pay off their debt
• Alaska Hawaii bought Alaska from
  Russiastaged revolt to overthrow queen in
  Hawaii, then annexed it

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• Unit Fourteen Imperialism and Expansion
• Examples of United States Imperialism
• Sp.-Am. War (Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines
  Guam fought Spain so Cuba could be independent
  Battleship Maine exploded - yellow journalism
  blamed Spain, US defeated Spain, Cuba
  independent Puerto Rico, Philippines Guam now
  are US territories
• Panama Canal helped Panamanians revolt against
  Colombia once free, US leased land from Panama
  to build a canal. We controlled canal from 1903
  until 2000.

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• Unit Fifteen World War I - 1914-1918
• Causes, Symptoms Spark of WWI
• Causes MAIN - All countries in Europe at fault
• Spark 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
• US Entrance
• Wilson's neutrality speech 1914 US to be
  neutral, be the example of peace
• Lusitania British ship carrying 128 Americans
  sunk by German sub - Angered Am. - All Am. died
  (Germany gave warning)

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• Unit Fifteen World War I - 1914-1918
• US Entrance
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Germany fired on
  any ship in war zone, sinking US ships. US
  declared war to make world "safe for democracy"
• Lusitania British ship carrying 128 Americans
  sunk by German sub - Angered Am. - All Am. died
  (Germany gave warning)
• Home Front Selective Service Act - First draft
  Everyone pitched in Sedition Acts - couldn't
  speak out against government

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• Unit Fifteen World War I - 1914-1918
• Fighting Front Central Powers vs. Allied
  PowersTrench Warfare - most of fighting in
  France poison gas attacks, rats, new weapons
  (machine guns tanks), barbed wire, no-man's
  land
• Unit Sixteen The Roaring Twenties
• Economic Prosperity consumer economy Ford's
  Assembly line - cars
• Stock market many Americans bought stock (part
  ownership)

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• Unit Sixteen The Roaring Twenties
• Economic Prosperity consumer economy Ford's
  Assembly line - cars
• Stock market many Americans bought stock (part
  ownership)
• Credit/ Buy Now, Pay later people didn't have
  money so they borrowed (credit) to get what they
  wanted, then paid interest
• Social Change
• Women 19th Amendment - gained right to vote
  Flappers strict standards beginning to loosen

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• Unit Sixteen The Roaring Twenties
• Social Change
• Women 19th Amendment - gained right to vote
  Flappers strict standards beginning to loosen
• Fads dance marathons pole sitting radio
• Harlem Renaissance African-American cultural
  revival jazz music, literature, novels, poetry
• Prohibition 18th Amendment outlawed the
  buying, selling consuming of alcohol led to
  bootleggers, speakeasies, and rumrunners

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• Unit Seventeen The Great Depression (The economy
  in a giant tailspin)
• Stock Market Crash of 1929
• Causes overproduction on farms in factories
  high supply, low demand, too many people buying
  on credit many problems in business ignored for
  too long
• Effects banks closed businesses failed
  unemployment skyrocketed many lost life savings
  Hoover's plan doesn't work FDR promised a "New
  Deal" Relief, Recovery reform

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• Unit Seventeen The Great Depression
• Life During the Depression
• Unemployment nearly 25 out of work hopping
  trains to other cities to find work job becomes
  looking for job lack of confidence for job
  hunters
• Poverty few have money many looking for relief
  or handouts especially hard on children
• Dust Bowl overproduction of fields and lack of
  rain lead to dust incredible poverty in
  Oklahoma many move to California

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• Unit Seventeen The Great Depression
• Life During the Depression
• Fireside Chats Roosevelt boosts confidence by
  talking to people through the radio as if they
  were friends
• The New Deal builds confidence helps
  manyCriticisms too much government spending
  too much central government power

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• Unit Eighteen World War II
• Underlying Causes
• Appeasement Britain and France keep allowing
  Hitler to take land, they want peace too much
• Worldwide depression most countries in Europe
  worse off than US
• Treaty of Versailles Germany go al the blame
  for WWI now many in Germany want revenge
• League of Nations Failed at stopping aggressive
  actions by countries
• M.A.I.N.

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• Unit Eighteen World War II
• Leaders
• Hitler German Nazi Party
• Mussolini Italian Fascist Party
• Tojo Japanese military dictator
• The Big Three
• F. Roosevelt President of US
• Churchill Prime Minister of Great Britain
• Stalin Russian Leader

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• Unit Eighteen World War II
• Major Military Events
• Pearl Harbor December, 1941 Japanese attack
  brings US into war
• D-Day June, 1944 invasion of France by allied
  forces
• Island hopping US strategy in Pacific
• Iwo Jima Heavy fighting near Japanese mainland
  monument commemorates raising of US flag
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2 Japanese US attacks
  with atomic bombs

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• Unit Eighteen World War II
• Home Front
• Japanese-American Internment people of Japanese
  descent in US placed in concentration camps
  during war
• Rosie-the-Riveter symbol for women who went ot
  work in factories during war
• Rationing limiting portions of food supplies
  to support troops abroad
• Manhattan Project top secret project to develop
  the atomic bomb

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• Unit Eighteen World War II
• The Holocaust 1933-1945 government sponsored
  mass killing of Jews other minorities in Nazi
  Germany
• Concentration Camps millions sent to camps to
  work and to die
• Anti-Semitism hatred of Jews
• "The Final Solution" Hitler's term for the
  complete destruction of all Jews

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• Unit Nineteen The Cold War Era
• Different Ideologies
• democracy people have power through voting
• capitalism individual ownership free from
  government control
• communism only a small group of people in power
• socialism government controls all business

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• Unit Nineteen The Cold War Era
• Examples of Containment Don't allow Communism to
  spread
• Marshall Plan money to Europe to rebuild
  strong economy would not become communist
• Truman Doctrine US will assist any country to
  stop Communism
• NATO Western Europe ( US Canada) alliance to
  defend against Russian attack
• Korean War stop Communist North Korea
• Vietnam War stop Communist North Vietnam
• Bay of Pigs/Missile stop Communist Cuba

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• Unit Nineteen The Cold War Era
• Life in the 1950s
• economic prosperity
• consumer society
• baby boom
• growth of suburbs

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• Unit Twenty American Economics
• Our economic system
• Capitalism individual competition private (not
  government) ownership different levels of
  Free-enterprises businesses run with little
  government control
• inflation a rise in prices with a decrease in
  the value of money
• scarcity something that has a very limited
  supply (gold, oil) usually leads to higher
  prices
• production making of goods
• exchange selling of goods
• consumption using goods

ECONOMICS
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• Unit Twenty American Economics
• Law of supply and demand
• Supply Demand lower prices
• Supply Demand higher prices
• Role of Government laissez faire "hands-off"
  government plays a limited role in economy
• Business Cycle
• economy does well for a period of
  time(prosperity), then not so well (recession),
  then recovers to prosperity and again sinks
• Prosperitybuying, profits, wages, employment up
• Recessionbuying, profits, wages, employment down