ESPAOL UNO

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ESPAÑOL UNO

• CAPÍTULO 1
• APUNTES

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LOS SUSTANTIVOS

• Noun
• person, place, thing, idea

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LOS SUSTANTIVOS

• A noun is a word used to identify people, places,
  things, or ideas.
• All Spanish nouns have gender masculine or
  feminine.
• All Spanish nouns also have number singular or
  plural.
• Spanish nouns are generally accompanied by an
  article.

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Nouns that refer to living things
Masculine Nouns
el hombre the man
ending in o el chico the boy el alumno the
(male) student ending in or el director the
(male) principal el profesor the (male)
teacher
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Nouns that refer to living things
Feminine Nouns
la mujer the woman
ending in a la chica the girl la alumna the
(female) student ending in ora la directora
the (female) principal la profesora the
(female) teacher
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Spanish nouns

• Nouns that refer to males, like el hombre, are
  generally masculine and end in
• o or or.
• Nouns that refer to females, like la mujer, are
  generally feminine and end in
• a and ora.

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Spanish nouns

• Some nouns have almost identical masculine and
  feminine formsnotice the difference.

la joven the youth the young woman la
estudiante the (female) student
el joven the youth the young
man el estudiante the (male) student
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Nouns that refer to nonliving things
Masculine Nouns
ending in o el cuaderno the notebook el
horario the schedule el número the
number el diccionario the dictionary
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Nouns that refer to nonliving things
Feminine Nouns
ending in a la pantalla the screen la
pizarra the chalkboard la papelera the
garbage can la escuela the school
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Spanish nouns

• Because the gender of nouns that refer to
  non-living things cannot be determined by
  foolproof rules, you should memorize the gender
  of each noun you learn.

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Spanish nouns

• It is helpful to memorize each noun with its
  corresponding article, el for masculine and la
  for feminine.
• Another reason to memorize the gender of every
  noun is that there are common exceptions to the
  rules of gender.

Feminine noun ending in o la mano (hand)
Masculine noun ending in a el mapa (map)
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Plural of nouns

• Nouns that end in a vowel form the plural by
  adding s.
• el chico ? los chicos
• la palabra ? las palabras
• Nouns that end in a consonant add es.
• el profesor ? los profesores
• Nouns that end in z change the z to c, then
  add es.
• el lápiz ? los lápices
• la luz ? las luces

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Plural of nouns

• You use the masculine plural form of the noun to
  refer to a group that includes both males and
  females.
• 1 pasajero 2 pasajeras 3 pasajeros
• 2 chicos 2 chicas 4 chicos

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LOS ARTÍCULOS

• Articles.
• the
• a(n), some

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Spanish articles

• English often uses definite articles (the) and
  indefinite articles (a, an) before nouns.
• Spanish also has definite and indefinite
  articlesused much more!
• Spanish articles vary in form because they agree
  in gender and number with the nouns they modify.

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Definite articles

• Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the
  English definite article the. You use definite
  articles to refer to specific nouns.

Feminine Singular la computadora the
computer Plural las computadoras the computers
Masculine Singular el diccionario the
dictionary Plural los diccionarios the
dictionaries
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Indefinite articles

• Spanish has four forms that are equivalent to the
  English indefinite article, which according to
  context may mean a, an, or some. You use
  indefinite articles to refer to unspecified
  persons or things.

Masculine Singular un amigo a (one)
friend Plural unos amigos some friends
Feminine Singular una bandera a (one)
photograph Plural unas banderas some photographs
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INTÉNTALO! Provide a definite article for each
noun in the first column and an indefinite
article for each noun in the second column.

• el, la, los o las?
• _____ chico
• _____ chica
• _____ maleta
• _____ cuadernos
• _____ lápiz
• _____ mujeres

• un, una, unos o unas?
• _____ autobús
• _____ escuela
• _____ computadora
• _____ hombre
• _____ señoras
• _____ lápices

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ADJ RULE

• Adjectives must agree in number and gender with
  the noun or nouns modified.

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PRONOMBRES SUJETOS

• Subject Pronouns.
• I, you, he, she, we, yall, they

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Subject pronouns

• In order to use verbs, you will need to learn
  about subject pronouns.
• A subject pronoun replaces the name or title of a
  person or thing and acts as the subject of a
  verb.
• In both Spanish and English, subject pronouns are
  divided into three groups first person, second
  person, and third person.

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Singular
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Plural
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Subject pronouns

• Spanish has two subject pronouns that mean you
  (singular).
• Use tú when addressing a friend, a family member,
  or a child you know wellvery informal
• Use Usted to address a person with whom you have
  a formal or more distant relationship, such as a
  superior at work, a professor, or an older
  personformal.

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Subject pronouns

• The masculine plural forms nosotros, vosotros,
  and ellos refer to a group of males or to a group
  of males and females.
• The feminine plural forms nosotras, vosotras, and
  ellas can refer only to groups made up
  exclusively of females.

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Subject Pronouns

• There is no Spanish equivalent of the English
  subject pronoun it. Generally it is not expressed
  in Spanish.
• Es un problema.
• Its a problem.

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The verb ser (to be)
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The verb ser (to be)
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ATENCIÓN!

• Unlike English, Spanish does not use the
  indefinite article (un, una) after ser when
  referring to professions, unless accompanied by
  an adjective or other description
• Marta es profesora.
• Marta es una profesora excelente.

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INTÉNTALO! Provide the correct present
forms of ser.

• 1. Gabriel _____
• 2. Juan y yo (m.) _____
• 3. Óscar y Flora _____
• 4. Adriana _____
• 5. las turistas _____
• 6. el chico _____
• 7. los conductores _____
• 8. el señor y la señora Ruiz _____