Cardiovascular and Stroke Emergencies

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Cardiovascular and Stroke Emergencies

• Chapter 16

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Coronary artery disease

• Affects the arteries supplying the heart
• How?
• Arteriosclerosis lose elasticity
• Atherosclerosis fatty deposits

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Angina pectoris

• Pain in the chest
• Cause?
• Reversibility?
• Medication?
• Signs and symptoms
• Dyspnea, perspiration
• Light-headedness
• Palpitations
• Nausea, vomiting
• Pale/cool/moist skin
• Impossible to tell difference b/t angina and
  heart attack

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Congestive heart failure

• Hearts output does not meet bodys needs
• Causes?
• Pulmonary edema
• Reversibility?
• Signs and symptoms
• Pain, pulmonary edema
• SOB, coughing rapid HR
• Wheezing, anxiety, pale
• Swelling, cyanosis

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Myocardial infarction

• Heart attack death of the heart muscle
• Cause?
• Care?
• Signs and symptoms
• Variable
• Chest pain (25 none)
• Pressure, squeezing
• SOB, sweating, nausea
• Cyanosis, weakness
• Vomiting, anxiety
• Pulse 100 or
• Light-headedness
• fainting

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Stroke

• Cerebrovascular accident
• Causes
• Thrombus
• Embolus
• Hemorrhage
• Compression
• Outcome?

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Stroke continued

• Signs and symptoms
• Depend on the cause, location, and severity of
  the stroke
• Altered LOC, motor and sensory function problems,
  altered communication, physical symptoms
• Care
• Time is VIP
• EMS
• Handle victim gently
• Tape eyelids shut

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Respiratory Emergencies

• Chapter 17

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Dyspnea

• Shortness of breath
• Not a disease

• Common with
• Emphysema
• Chronic bronchitis
• Asthma
• Pneumonia
• hyperventilation

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• COPD
• Emphysema
• Distension of the air sacs in the lungs
• pink puffers
• Coughing with little mucus
• Barrel shaped chest
• Chronic bronchitis
• Inflammation/edema of bronchial tree
• blue bloaters
• Coughing with mucus
• Swelling of hands, ankle, feet
• Care
• Enhance oxygenation
• EMS, airway, encourage coughing

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Asthma

• Types
• Extrinsic allergic asthma
• Intrinsic nonallergic
• Degrees
• Acute periodic attacks
• Status asthmaticus prolonged life-threatening
  attack
• Signs and symptoms of each?
• Care
• Improve oxygenation and relieve bronchospasm
• Give fluids
• EMS if necessary

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Pneumonia

• Describes a group of illnesses
• Bacterial or viral in nature
• Alveoli fill with fluid or pus
• Signs and symptoms
• Victim appears very ill
• Productive cough
• High fever
• Care
• Position comfortably
• Airway, fluids
• Take to the doctor

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Hyperventilation

• Over breathing
• Cause?
• Leads to low CO2 in the body
• Signs and symptoms?
• Care
• Rule out medical causes
• Calm victim
• Slow breathing rate and decrease adrenaline
• Transport to doctor or call EMS
• DO NOT BREATHE INTO PAPER BAG

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Epilepsy, Dizziness, and Fainting

• Chapter 20

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Seizure

• Sudden, involuntary change in brain cell activity
• May have brief warning
• Most last
• Causes
• Epilepsy chronic brain disorder
• Brain injury acute or long term
• Other causes?
• Types of seizures
• Table 20-1
• Status epilepticus
• Single, life-threatening seizure
• ½ of all victims die

• Grand mal stages
• Aura
• Tonic phase
• Hypertonic phase
• Autonomic discharge
• Postseizure phase
• Postical stupor
• Assessment
• Get history from bystanders
• Look for physical causes and alert tags
• Care
• When to call EMS?
• Move dangerous objects
• Do not restrain the victim
• Dont put anything b/t teeth
• By wary for vomit and CPR

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Dizziness and Fainting

• Not medical conditions
• Dizziness feeling woozy, light-headed, etc.
• True vertigo hallucination of motion
• Central less common/most serious unequal
  pupils, facial droop
• Labyrinthine more common inner ear disturbance
• Care
• Activate EMS
• Sit with head b/t knees
• Airway
• Do not sit up right away