IB 1

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I. Insect Biology

• 1. Anatomy physiology
• 2. Molting
• 3. Metamorphosis
• 4. Evolution and taxonomy
• 5. Life Seasonal cycles

2
Architecture of the exoskeleton
Cuticle Tubular construction
Sclerites Sutures Spine
Wax-covered epicuticle Exocuticle Endocuticle Epid
ermis Basement membrane
Seta trichogen cell
3
Head Antennal joints Thorax Pro-, Meso-,
Metathoracic segments, legs, wings Pronotum,
notum Pleuron Sternum Abdomen Segments Tergum Ster
num Anterior--posterior Dorsal -- ventral Basal
-- apical Proximal -- distal
4
Minute 10 mm
5
Head
(directed downward)
pp. 39, 41
6
Sucking mouthparts Pharyngeal (ciberial)
pump Proboscis(beak) Food duct Salivary
duct Labrum Mandible Maxilla Labium Stylets
Labr
Max
Man
Fd
Sd
Labi
(Directed forward)
p. 42
7
Antennal types Fig. 2.15, p. 48--Filiform,
Serrate, Moniliform, Clavate, Capitate,
Lamellate, Plumose, Pectinate
Short (Filiform) Long (Filiform) Clublike
(Capitate) Beadlike (Moniliform) Bristlelike
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Mouth variants Fig. 2.6, p. 40--Hypognathous,
Prognathous, Opisthognathous Fig. 2.9, p.
43--Mosquito Fig. 2.10, p. 44--Thrips Fig. 2.11,
p. 45--Moth Fig. 2.12, p. 45--House fly Fig.
2.13, p. 46--Horse fly Fig. 2.14, p. 47--Bee
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Thorax Fig. 2.17, p. 50--Sutures and
sclerites Fig. 2.18, p. 51--Leg segments
Jumping
Walking
Raptorial
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Wing Venation
Folding
Not folded--Dragonfly, Mayfly, Stonefly Folded--ev
eryone else Folded rooflike Folded fanlike
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Fig. 2.19, p. 52--Wing types A. Aphid (Reduced
venation membranous larger forewings) B. Bug
(Hemelytra--half leathery, half membranous
membranous hindwings) C. Termite (Membranous
equal-sized wings dehiscent) D. Thrips (Marginal
fringe) E. Butterfly (Scaled) F. Beetle
(Elytra--hard shell-like hindwings
fan-folded) G. Wasp (Membranous unequal-sized
wings) H. House fly (One pair, membranous
haltere)
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Abdomen Figs. 2.20-2.22, p. 53--Parts
spiracles, cercus, ovipositor, aedeagus, anus
Cercus
Ovipositor or aedeagus
Spiracle
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Internal structures
14
Fat body glycogen trehalose proteins
15
pp. 75-77, 143-146, 156-159.
Reproductive systems Ovaries Testes
Spermatheca Accessory glands Accessory glands
Ducts Bursa copulatrix Spermatophore Ducts

External genitalia Gonopore Aediagus,
Claspers, Ovipositor
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pp. 57-59
Circulatory system (open) Hemocoel, hemolymph,
hemocytes Dorsal aorta Diaphragms
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pp. 67-75
Central NS Brain Ventral nerve cord Segmental
ganglia Sensilla
Endocrine glands Brain glands Corpus
allatum Corpus cardiacum Prothoracic glands
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pp. 51-57
Alimentary canal Salivary glands Fore, mid
hindguts Crop Valves Caecae Rectum
Excretory system Malpighian tubules Rectal
pads Anus
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pp. 59-63
Tracheal system Spiracles Tracheal
trunks Tracheae Tracheoles
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p. 37
Secreted exoskeleton (proteins, chitin, waxes)
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Molting
p. 150 -155
Mature cuticle
Brain (Brain hormone) Prothoracic gland
(Ecdysone) Apolysis CA (Juvenile
hormone) Brain (Eclosion hormone) Ecdysis Hind
gut (Bursicon) Expansion sclerotization
Apolysis
Ecdysis
Expansion, sclerotization (tanning)
Related topics--Metamorphosis, endocrines
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pp. 159-162
Metamorphosis Ametabolous (no
metamorphosis) egg nymph adult
Bristletails Springtails
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Incomplete Gradual (hemimetabol
ous simple paurometabolous) egg naiad
adult egg nymph
adult
Dragonflies Mayflies Stoneflies Termites
Cockroaches, grasshoppers, crickets,
katydids Bugs Cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids,
scales Thrips Lice
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Complete (holometabolous, complex)
larva(ae) egg pupa(ae)
adult (grub, caterpillar,
maggot) (chrysalis) (imago)
Flies Beetles Bees, ants, wasps Butterflies,
moths Fleas Lacewings
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Chapter 3 Tree p. 82
Evolution of arthropods
Time
Now
?
?
Groups which exist now Extinct groups Major
change
?
?
?
?
Then
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Complete metamorphosis
?
?
Wing folding
?
Wings
?
3-part body, 3 pairs legs, etc.
?
Segmented exoskeleton, jointed appendages
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Segmented exoskeleton, jointed appendages 3
body parts, 6 legs, etc. Wings Folding of
wings, incomplete metamorphosis Complete
metamorphosis
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Diplopoda Chilopoda Symphyla Millipedes Centipedes
Symphyla
Crustacea Lobsters Sowbugs
Insect relatives
Arachnida Spiders Scorpions
?
?
?
?
3-part body
?
Segmented exoskeleton, jointed appendages
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Collembola Springtails
Thysanura Silverfish Bristletails
Primitively wingless Apterygota
Wings
3-part body
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Insects with wings that dont fold Paleoptera
Odonata Dragonflies Damselflies
Ephemeroptera Mayflies Others
Wing folding
Wings
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Hemipteroids Aphids whiteflies cicadas scales bugs
lice thrips
Orthopteroids Grasshoppers Roaches Mantids Cricket
s Termites
Insects with wings that fold Exopterygota
Wing folding
Complete metamorphosis
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Coleoptera Neuroptera Beetles Lacewings We
evils Grubs
Siphonaptera Fleas
Diptera Flies, gnats Mosquitoes Maggots
Lepidoptera Butterflies Moths
Hymenoptera Sawflies, Bees Ants, Wasps
Complete meta- morphosis Endopterygota
Complete metamorphosis
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Success?

• Biomass Ants, termites
• Longevity on earth
• (million years ago) 450 425 405
  320 280

• Number of species number of niches filled

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Species
Hemipteroids 97K
Insects with complete meta- morphosis 796K
Orthopteroids 32K
Primitively winged insects 7K
Primitively wingless insects 2K
Insect relatives 74K Arachnida 10K
Myriapoda 39K Crustacea
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Taxonomy No metamorphosis Mouth
Wings Order Common
names Nymph Adult Chewing Chewing none
Collembola Springtails
(p.85) Chewing Chewing none Thysanura
Bristle tails (p.86)

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Incomplete/gradual metamorphosis
Mouth Wings Order
Common names Nymph Adult Chewing Chewing
4, memb. Odonata Dragonflies,
damselflies (p.90) Chewing Chewing 0,
4 Orthoptera Roaches, grasshoppers,
leath.//memb.
crickets, mantids, katydids (p.91) Chewing C
hewing 0, 4 Isoptera Termites
(p.96)
memb. Chewing Chewing 0,
4 Dermaptera Earwigs
(p.96) leath.//memb.
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Gradual metamorphosis Mouth
Wings Order Common names
Nymph Adult Sucking Sucking
none Anoplura Sucking lice
(p.103) Chewing Chewing none Mallophaga
Biting lice (p.101) Suck
ing Sucking 0, 2, 4 Homoptera
Aphids, scales, white flies, memb.
leaf hoppers, mealybugs
(p.107) Sucking Sucking 4, leath./
Hemiptera Bugs
(p.105) memb.//memb. Sucking
Sucking 4, feathery Thysanoptera Thrips
(p.104)
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Complete metamorphosis Mouth
Wings Order Common names
Larva Adult Chewing Chewing 0, 4
Coleoptera Beetles, weevils, grubs,
hard//memb.
Wireworms (p.112) C/S
Chewing 4, memb. Neuroptera
Lacewings, ant lions (p.110) Chewing
Sucking 0, 4 scaled Lepidoptera
Moths, butterflies,
caterpillars
(p.118) Chewing Chewing
0, 4 memb. Hymenoptera Wasps, ants, bees,
sawflies (sucking)
(p.131) (Chewing) Sucking 0, 2, memb.
Diptera Flies, mosquitoes, gnats,

midges,
maggots (p.126) Chewing
Sucking none Siphonaptera Fleas
(p.130)
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Life cycle
Birth Adolescence Young adulthood Maturity
Senescence Death
Grow, develop, learn
Become independent, pair, nest, reproduce
Care for young, educate young
Go fishing, see the world, tell stories
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Life cycle -- Fruitfly
fig. 4.1, p. 144 pp. 163-171
Eggs on fruit
Adult disperses finds fruit to lay eggs
Larvae developing in fruit
Pupa in ground
Emerging from fruit
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Seasonal pattern -- Fruitfly
Spring
Summer
Development of diapausing pupae
Generation 1
Generation 2
Winter
Diapausing pupae
Generation 3
Generation 5, 6, 7, etc
Generation 4
Fall
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Seasonal pattern -- Codling moth
Spring
Summer
Development of diapausing pupae
Spring generation

Summer generation


Diapausing pupae
Overwintering generation
Fall
Winter
43
Life cycle -- Aphid
Asexual adult
Nymphs
Eggs
Winged female
Sexual adults
Nymphs
44
Aphid
Seasonal pattern
Spring generations
Summer
Spring



Fundatrix
Migrants

Primary Host
Secondary Host
Summer generations
Wintering egg
Sexual generation (winged)



Fall
Sexual progenitors
Winter
fig. 4.25, p. 168
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Life strategy patterns
r-selection
K-selection Habitat Developmental
time Size Dispersal Reproduction Competitive
ability
pp. 181, 207
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Social insects Ants Honey bees Social
wasps Termites Social aphids