The Colonies Become

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The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945Present
Chapter Overview
Time Line
The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
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SECTION
Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
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MAP
SECTION
New Nations in Africa
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SECTION
Conflicts in the Middle East
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SECTION
GRAPH
Visual Summary
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The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945Present
After World War II, imperialist powers rethink
the cost of colonies, which are demanding
independence. The imperialists differ in the
speed with which they relinquish control and in
the amount of preparation for independence they
provide.
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The Colonies Become New Nations, 1945Present
Time Line
1945 Sukarno proclaims Indonesian independence.
1954 Algerians begin to fight French rule.
1975 Angolan civil war begins after Portuguese
withdrawal.
1997 Mobuto dictatorship in Zaire falls.
1947 India gains independence.
1963 Kenya wins independence.
1986 Popular vote ousts Marcoss dictatorship in
the Philippines.
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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
Key Idea
At the end of World War II, South Asians demand
independence. Britain partitions the Indian
subcontinent into two new nations, India and
Pakistan a part of Pakistan later becomes
Bangladesh. Britain also frees Ceylon.
Overview
Assessment
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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
Overview
Congress Party Muslim League Muhammad Ali
Jinnah Lord Mountbatten partition
Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi
Benazir Bhutto
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
New nations emerged from the British colony of
India.
India today is the largest democracy in the world.
Assessment
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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Write about prominent Indian prime
ministers from independence in 1947 through 1989.
continued . . .
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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
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Section
Assessment
2. Do you think that Indias political and
economic success is crucial to the future of
democracy in Asia? Why? THINK ABOUT
Indias influence in Asia
religious and ethnic differences and conflicts
social implications of economic failure
ANSWER
Yes, because India is one of the most populous
countries and the largest democracy in the world.
If India can have a democracy with so many
different ethnic and religious groups, other,
smaller countries should be able to as well
other Asian countries look to India for guidance.
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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The Indian Subcontinent Gains Independence
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Section
Assessment
3. What were some of the problems shared by
leaders of India and Pakistan? THINK ABOUT
the factions within these countries
their thoughts about independence
how their problems were resolved
ANSWER
Both countries had large minorities that were in
conflict with the majorities. Both struggled to
establish democracy. Both faced problems of
poverty and economic development.
Possible Response
End of Section 1
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Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
MAP
Key Idea
Some of the Southeast Asian colonies that become
independent after World War II prosper, while
others suffer under authoritarian regimes.
Overview
Assessment
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Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
MAP
Overview
Ferdinand Marcos Corazón Aquino Aung San
Aung San Suu Kyi Sukarno Suharto
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The European colonies in Southeast Asia became
independent countries in the postwar period.
The power and influence of the Pacific Rim
nations are likely to expand during the next
century.
Assessment
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Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
MAP
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Summarize the major challenges the
countries below faced following independence.
Military bases Bell Act Difficulties with
democracy Assassinations Marcos stealing money
United States
Unstable governments Assassinations Ethnic
conflicts
Britain
Ethnic conflicts Coup Huge gap between rich and
poor
Netherlands
continued . . .
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Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
MAP
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Section
Assessment
2. Why do you think that the United States
demanded a 99-year lease on military and naval
bases in the Philippines? THINK ABOUT
U.S. economic interests in the Philippines
geographical location
reasons for military presence
ANSWER
To protect U.S. economic interests The
location of the Philippines made it an important
military outpost. Bases were a reminder to
surrounding countries of U.S. military force.
Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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New Nations in Africa
Key Idea
Colonizers differ in their willingness to grant
independence to their African colonies and in the
amount of help they give their colonies in
preparing to become modern nations.
Overview
Assessment
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New Nations in Africa
Overview
Negritude movement Kwame Nkrumah Jomo
Kenyatta Mau Mau Mobutu Sese Seko FLN
Ahmed Ben Bella
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
After World War II, African leaders threw off
colonial rule and created independent countries.
Today, many of those independent countries are
engaged in building political and economic
stability.
Assessment
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New Nations in Africa
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. For each country shown below, list an
idea, an event, or a leader important to that
countrys history.
Took its name from African kingdom of the past
Nairobi became a major business center.
Renamed the Congo
Ben Bella was prime minister and president.
Fought Portuguese for independence
continued . . .
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New Nations in Africa
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Section
Assessment
2. Why do you think that non-African nations
supported certain factions that claimed power in
the newly independent nations of Africa? THINK
ABOUT
economic interests of the non-African nations
Lumumbas request for Soviet aid in the Congo
U.S. support of the FNLA
the Cold War
ANSWER
The factions may have promised non-African
nations economic opportunities, such as trading
or business privileges, in return for support
the non-African nations may have wanted to
preserve economic interests they already had in
the region.
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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New Nations in Africa
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Section
Assessment
3. Why do you think revolution swept so many
African nations following their independence from
European rule after World War II? THINK ABOUT
how World War II influenced Africans
the conditions preceding independence
economic interests of European powers and
newly independent nations
ANSWER
There were many different religious and ethnic
groups with competing interests. Europeans,
Americans, and Soviets supported different
groups. World War II had given Africans a new
confidence.
Possible Responses
End of Section 3
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Conflicts in the Middle East
GRAPH
Key Idea
The division of Palestine and the creation of the
new nation of Israel after World War II result in
conflict between Israeli and Palestinian
nationalist movements that continues today.
Overview
Assessment
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Conflicts in the Middle East
GRAPH
Overview
Balfour Declaration Suez Crisis Six-Day
War Anwar Sadat Golda Meir Menachem
Begin Camp David Accords Hosni Mubarak
PLO
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Division of Palestine after World War II made the
Middle East a hotbed of competing nationalist
movements.
The conflict in the Middle East threatens the
stability of the region today.
Assessment
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Conflicts in the Middle East
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. List some important political and
military events that occurred following the Suez
Crisis.
Six-Day War
continued . . .
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Conflicts in the Middle East
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
2. Explain the conflict between Jews and Arabs
over a Palestinian homeland. What does each side
believe? What other factors influence this issue?
THINK ABOUT
the Balfour Declaration
the ancient history of the Middle East
the economics of oil
ANSWER
Jews believe their right to a Palestinian
homeland is a covenant from God. Palestinian
Arabs believe the land has belonged to them since
the Jews were driven out in A.D. 135. Other
Arabs believe it has belonged to them since their
7th-century conquest of the region. Other
influences oil interests global politics
persecution of Jews in Europe.
Possible Responses
End of Section 4