Where we Are

1
Sun
Tide Variations
new moon
full moon
Earth
Spring tide lunar and solar tides add together
so highs very high, lows
very low
Neap tide lunar and solar tides opposite, thus
no additive effect so
highs close to lows
Note tides exaggerated! distance to sun
underestimated! diagram not to scale!
2
Exaggerating Depths
The thickness of this black line is 2 times the
depth of the Mariana Trench and would also easily
contain Mount Everestmore than all of the
surface relief of the Earth!
Earth Diameter 12,756 km
Mount Everest 8.848 km
Average Ocean Depth Pacific 4.028 km Atlantic
3.926 Indian 3.963 Arctic 1.205
In fact, the black line would encompass both the
depth of the Mariana Trench and also the
Troposphere above it!
Maximum Ocean Depth Pacific 11.033 km Atlantic
9.219 Indian 7.455 Arctic 5.625
Atmosphere 75 found in Troposphere 11.272
km
Moon 3, 478 km
Line Thickness 26.247 km
distance from Earth 103 moon diameters!
3
Tidal Zones
Supralittoral Zone
Splash
Supralittoral Fringe
Extreme High Water
Extremes at Spring Tides
Littoral Zone
Midlittoral Zone
Because San Salvador is located near the equator,
the Littoral Zone may be quite thin, so wave
height may be more important to organisms in the
Littoral and Supralittoral Fringe
Infralittoral Fringe
Infralittoral Zone
Limestone Marine Rock or Sloped Sandy Bottom
4
This tide table is provided from
irbs.com/tides/calendar/month/4962.html?y2007m5
d22 San Salvador (Watling Island), Bahamas
24.05 N, 74.55 W All tides in ft relative to
an index levelAll times are EDT
Tide Table May-June 2007
Tidal Flux H-L
spring
neap
spring-neap 0.82 ft 9.8 in
spring
Comment May-June Water Temperature 77-80F
25-26.6C Shallow near-shore
water may be warmer!
5
OceanicIslandEcology
Ecology study of organisms in environment
6
Where We Are

• Oceanic Island Forms
• Provides Rich Habitat Diversity
• Has Climate and Environmental Factors
• Now we need the Organisms!

7
Trophic Pyramid
3 Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
2 Consumer Carnivore
Numbers Biomass Energy
1 Consumer Herbivore
Producer Photosynthesis
8
Show Green Reefs Movie Here
9
Critical Thinking About This Video
The theme was the reef is green because of
overfishing. Science decisions are based on
objective evidence. What was the evidence for
greening? Did you see green? What fish were you
shown swimming on the reef? Dr. Booth has visited
San Salvador over some 30 yearswhat did he tell
you about groupers?what did he tell you about
long-spined sea urchin numbers? What did you NOT
see in this video that you should have seen if
over-fishing were a problem? Are there other
explanations for lack of herbivores? Are there
other explanations for algal overgrowth? Are we
fertilizing the algae? What else is in the
fertilizer? The very contagious white pox coral
disease is caused by Serratia marcescens found in
human feces. Is the problem on San Salvador
really overfishing or something more complex?
10
Trophic Pyramid
3 Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
2 Consumer Carnivore
Numbers Biomass Energy
1 Consumer Herbivore
Producer Photosynthesis
from?
11
Trophic Funnel!
Energy Biomass Numbers
Producer Photosynthesis
1 Consumer Herbivore
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
2 Consumer Carnivore
So this is a leaky funnel!
3 Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
12
Photosynthesis
Light Energy
CO2 H2O
O2 CH2O
chlorophyll
carbon dioxide water
oxygen carbohydrate
Food for Consumers!
Primary Producers Plants, Algae,
Cyanobacteria
13
Trophic Calendar!
Colonize and Establish Large Population Food
Supply for Ecosystem Habitats for Others
Time
Producer Photosynthesis
Population of Generalists
1 Consumer Herbivore
Small Pop
2 Consumer Carnivore
3 Consumer - Carnivore feeding on Carnivores
14
The Forest Meet
Liberally adapted from David W. Goldsmith. 2003.
The great clade race presenting cladistic
thinking to biology majors and general science
students. The American Biology Teacher 65
679-682.
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern
edge

• This game is a cross-country meet in a forest
• All runners enter the forest by a single south
  entrance
• The finish line is the northern boundary of the
  forest
• Runners need not exit at any particular place at
  the finish
• There are many trails through the woods
• Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at
  forks
• Trails never join together or rejoin after
  forking
• Along the trail straightaways are check-in
  stations
• At each check-in station, an official has a
  unique stamp
• Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he
  passes a station
• Runners are not allowed to retrace a path
• All runners must finish the race

Start
15
Bob ??????????
Sue ????????
Deb??????????
Lou????????????
Jen ?????????????????
Val????????????
Hal?????????
Cal???????

• 11. Using these stamp cards handed in at the
  finish line
• Sketch the trail map
• Show all station locations (on the straightaways)
• Mark the exit used by each runner

16
The Forest Meet

• Sharing our Results

Runners can finish anywhere along this northern
edge
Since all the cards have the circle stamp, it
must have been issued at a station in the first
part of the trail system, so that each runner
would pass it.
?
Start
17
The Forest Meet

• Sharing our Results

18
The Forest Meet

• Sharing our Results

19
The Forest Meet

• Sharing our Results

20
The Forest Meet

• Sharing our Results

Runners can finish anywhere along this northern
edge
Five of the runners passed the teardrop station,
but three did not, so our 8 runners must have
divided into two groups
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val
Bob, Deb, Cal
?
?
Start
21
The Forest Meet

• Sharing our Results

22
The Forest Meet

• Sharing our Results

Hal
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern
edge
Because paths do not rejoin, Hal is separated and
thus we can draw him at the finish line
Four runners of the group of five passed the
diamond station, but Hal did not, so he split
away before this station
Sue, Lou, Jen, Val
Bob, Deb, Cal
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val
?
?
?
Start
23
The Forest Meet
Hal
Bob
Cal
Deb
Jen
Lou
Sue
Val
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Notice the runners are in alphabetical order. But
this is not the only solution
All branches can be rotated e.g. Lou before
Jen Sue-Val before Jen-Lou
?
?
?
Start
24
Translating the Forest Meet to Evolution on an
Island
The forest represents the time-space continuum on
the island Time is shown by the runners moving
from south to north The entrance represents an
arrival of a pioneer colonizer on-island The
north finish line represents the present time The
names at the finish line represent extant
organisms on-island The meet cards represent the
phenotypes of extant organisms The stamp marks
are the genotype changes leading to phenotype The
branching trails show adaptive radiation
(speciation) pathways The shared marks are the
synapomorphies (shared derived traits) you used
to determine the evolutionary pathways
You carried out a cladistic analysis intuitively
with very little help from me. Congratulations!
25
How do you DO cladistics?

• Look at a group of organisms that you think are
  related
• Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?)
  out-group
• Select characters that will help to distinguish
  the organisms
• Polarize the character states by
• Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)
• Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps
  phylogeny)
• Outgroup comparison
• Build a data matrix
• Group by number of synapomorphies (shared
  derived)
• Sketch possible cladograms
• Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram

26
Asian
Oahu Kauai
Hawaii
Maui Kauai
C
E
A
D
B
-- 2
Large Black Wide Wide Dark Wide Long Long Thick Lo
ng
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 3 5
-- 3
-- 7
-- 8 -- 5
-- 1
OG
-- 9 -- 4
-- 10 -- 6
27
Asia Kauai Oahu
Maui Hawaii
OG E B A
D C
-- 2 black eye
-- 3 wide neck
-- 7 long wing
-- 8 long leg -- 5 dark body
-- 1 large eye
-- 9 thick leg -- 4 wide body
-- 6 wide wing -- 10 long stinger