NPACT SYSTEM NOISEBASED POLLUTION ACCOUNTABILITY

1
N-PACT SYSTEMNOISE-BASED POLLUTION
ACCOUNTABILITY COMPLIANCE TRACKING SYSTEM

• GROUP MEMBERS
• Drew Goralczyk
• David Helmly
• Abood Athagafi
• Omar Mathir
• Josh Finks

2
Industrial Pollution

• The Clean Air Act gives EPA the authority to
  limit emissions of air pollutants coming from
  sources like chemical plants, utilities, and
  steel mills. 14

3
Regulations

• There are already regulation for pollution of
  companies which entail steep Non-Attainment fines
• This gives a max output per unit time for
  industries being regulated

14
4
Air Pollution

• Health Impact
• CO convulsion, collapse, loss of consciousness
  or death. May produce heart disease and damage to
  the nervous system, as well as birth defects in
  unborn children
• NOx rapid burning, swelling, and spasms of
  tissue in the throat and upper respiratory tract
• SOx irritation of the eyes, nose and throat,
  choking and coughing
• Particulate Matter asthma, lung cancer, and
  cardiovascular issues
• 16

5
Transportation Pollution
Federal Aviation Administration Office of
Environment and Energy, Jan 2005 (1998 Data)
6
The Airline Industry

• The same regulations may also be enforced with
  the airline industry
• Reason they arent now..
• Dynamic
• Wind, temperature, and air pressure
• Many variables that affect measurement
• Measurement doesnt provide accountability
• Therefore estimation is a viable alternative

7
Problem

• Problem Statement Noise and air pollution caused
  by aircraft are issues in areas surrounding major
  airports. The current monitoring systems in
  place are only designed for noise regulation
  purposes.

8
Noise and Thrust

• Noise is more salient to the public than
  emissions. For this reason sound monitoring
  systems have already been set up in an attempt to
  mitigate aircraft noise in areas surrounding
  airports.
• Sound has a direct correlation to thrust level
  which has a direct correlation to the amount of
  emissions produced.

9
Need

• Need Statement There exists a need for a system
  to ensure compliance and accountability for noise
  and emissions regulations for aircraft at major
  airports

10
Vision Statement

• The N-PACT System will monitor and analyze noise
  and emissions of aircraft within airport airspace
  and determine the local environmental impact
  caused by individual aircraft.
• This System is designed to ensure compliance for
  the airline industry to keep __ statistic
  relatively low.

11
STAKEHOLDERS DESCRIPTION
12
External Systems

• Tracking Data
• Position Coordinate
• Altitude
• Time stamp
• (x,y,z,t)
• Aircraft type 24 bit aircraft address
• 15

Source http//www.eurocontrol.int/mil/gallery
13
External Systems

• NIRS
• The Noise Integrated Routing System (NIRS) is a
  noise-assessment tool designed to provide an
  analysis for air traffic routing.
• Uses Integrated Noise Model (INM) to estimate
  noise while accounting for specific operation
  modes, thrust settings, source-receiver geometry,
  and acoustic directivity.  10

14
External Systems

• Databases
• EDMS Modeling System Databank
• Aircraft Type to Engine Type
• ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank, First
  Edition 1995, ICAO, Doc 9646- AN/943.05-Feb-2009
  Issue 16A
• Thrust to fuel flow
• Mass of pollutant produced per mass of fuel
  consumed
• Our databank
• All data compiled into usable document for our
  N-PACT program

15
External Systems

• Sound Sensors
• Validation of NIRS sound modeling
• Define accuracy of NIRS from sound sensor data
• Define Error
• Use this to determine thrust error
• Determine accuracy of our sound sensors

16
Noise Compliance (OUT OF OUR SCOPE)

• Aircraft noise accountability is a large issue
• Our system could accept input regulations of
  accepted noise as heard from the ground
  (altitude)
• Our system could output a listing of airplanes it
  estimates to have been too loud (when, where, how
  much)
• This could give indication of which types of
  planes, airlines, even pilots are responsible for
  noise violations
• Could be used to validate/invalidate noise
  violations claims when calibrated

17
Scope

• N-PACT is a proof of concept
• Encompass the area surrounding Dulles
  International Airport (12 nautical miles)
• How aircraft affect the local air quality rather
  than the global environment effects.
• Only identify the quantity of pollution released,
  not its dispersion thereafter
• Include noise measurements as a metric to aid our
  analysis of pollution - to calculate error for
  our pollution estimation

18
Assumptions

• Pollution only has an immediate effect on the
  general area in which it is produced
• Environmental pollutants released above 3000 feet
  will not be considered to have impact on the
  local environment
• Only planes with jet engines will be included in
  our case study, no propeller planes.
• NIRS model is used for comparison with sound
  sensors and thrust error propagation
• The Sound Sensors are only accurate to a certain
  dB
• System shall be operational in all non-inclement
  weather
• The airline industry will be held to the same
  pollution regulation metrics as similar
  industrial precedents

19
Mission Requirements

• MR.1 The system shall estimate emission
  pollution of aircraft
• MR.2 The system shall provide a reliable
  compliance system for emissions regulation

20
Originating Requirements

• The system shall measure aircraft noise
• The system shall determine aircraft position
• The system shall determine aircraft
  characteristics (ICAO-id, Engine Type)
• Input Requirements
• The system shall receive input data from NIRS
  (position, thrust)
• Output Requirements
• The system shall output pollutant quantities at
  given times and position as well as a summary of
  the total output in a given period of time
• Output shall conform to measurement standards for
  pollution regulation to allow parallel comparison
• Functional Requirements
• The system shall measure sound data
• The system shall calculate sound measurement
  error
• The system shall calculate sound estimation error
• The system shall estimate pollution
• Based on criteria the system shall determine
  whether an aircraft is in attainment of pollution
  levels
• The system shall be operational in all applicable
  flying conditions

21
Input OutputTrace
22
IDEF-0
23
4.0 Estimate Pollution
24
Output

• Play by Play amount at given intervals of time
• Summary of Total Output in a given amount of time

25
ValueHierarchy
26
Design Alternatives

• 1.1 Using no sound sensors to verify NIRS, and
  assume it is 100 accurate
• 1.2 Use Sound Sensors to verify NIRS
• 1.2.1 Use Fairfax co sound sensor array
• 1.2.1 Use our own sound sensors
• 1.3 Use only Sound Sensors and algorithms to
  measure absolute aircraft noise, and calculate
  thrust
• 1.3.1 Use Fairfax co sound sensor array
• 1.3.2 Use our own sound sensors

27
Utility Function

• Accuracy of Data Collected
• Accessibility to User
• Reliability
• Usability
• Maintainability
• Availability

28
Proposed S.O.W

• Research
• Context stakeholders, laws and regulations,
  Environmental science perspective
• Existing systems research into whats already
  out there and what is on the drawing boards
• Design define problem, Concept of operations,
  architecture, alternatives
• Modeling trade off analysis, methodology
  analysis, implementation
• Testing simulation, performance
• Deliverables presentations, reports, final
  proposal, and executable source code

29
Work Breakdown
30
Cost

• Proposed Labor Cost Estimate
• 40 per person, with 5 members, _at_ 15 hrs per
  week, over a 30 week period 120,000

31
SCHEDULING GANTT
32
Working Bibliography

• 1 L. Azahari, J. Duenas, J. Hamilton, and J.
  Hanifin, Regional Environmental Monitoring System
  for Air Traffic, George Mason University
  Department of Systems Engineering and Operations
  Research, 2009.
• 2 Jae-Hoon Song, Kyung-Ryoon Oh, Inkyu Kim,
  Injung Kim, Sang-Man Moon, Keun-Taek Kim, and
  Jang-Yeon Lee, Prototype design of traffic
  information service-broadcast server using the
  ADS-B test-bed, Control, Automation and Systems,
  2008. ICCAS 2008. International Conference on,
  2008, pp. 1583-1586.
• 3 T. Reynolds, S. Barret, L. Dray, A. Evans, M.
  Kohler, M. Morales, A. Schafer, Z. Wadud, R.
  Britter, H. Hallam, and R. Hunsley, Modelling
  Environmental Economic Impacts of Aviation
  Introducing the Aviation Integrated Modelling
  Project, Revised paper for 7th AIAA Aviation
  Technology, Integration and Operations
  Conference, Sep. 2007, pp. Paper No.
  AIAA-2007-7751.  
• 4 A. Mozdzanowska, R. Weibel, and R. Hansman,
  Feedback Model of Air Transportation System
  Change Implementation Challenges for Aviation
  Information Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE,
  vol. 96, 2008, pp. 1976-1991.  
• 5 G. Bartkiewicz, Enhancement of airborne
  conflict prediction times through Automatic
  Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)
  transmitted trajectory intent information,
  Digital Avionics Systems, 2001. DASC. The 20th
  Conference, 2001, pp. 7B1/1-7B1/11 vol.2.
• 6 E. Valovage, Enhanced ADS-B Research,
  Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, IEEE,
  vol. 22, 2007, pp. 35-38.  
• 7 B. Field, Chapters 3-5, Environmental
  Economics, fourth edition, New York McGraw Hill,
  2006, pp. 42-108.  
• 8 D. Whallen, S. Rathinam, and C. Bagge,
  Advanced developments in airport surface and
  terminal area traffic surveillance applications,
  Digital Avionics Systems Conference, vol. 2, Nov.
  2003, pp. 9.B.3-9.1-9.  
• 9 P. Takemoto, 2008 FAA Fact Sheet on
  Next-Gen, FAA.gov, Dec. 2009.

33
Working BibliographyContd.

• 10 FAA, 2006 Fact Sheet on Next Gen Air
  Transport System, FAA.gov, Oct. 2007.
• 11 scorecard.org, Pollution Locator Smog and
  Particulates County Report, pollution locator.
• 12 Metron Aviation Concept Engineering,
  Advanced Research, Air Traffic Flow Management,
  Collaborative Decision Making.
• 13 CIA, CIA - The World Factbook -- United
  States. https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/
  the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
• 14 Office of Air and Radiation, Air and
  Radiation US EPA, Jul. 2006.
  http//www.epa.gov/air
• 15 Dr. Terry Thompson, Stakeholder meeting,
  Sep. 2009
• 16 Commonwealth of Australia Department of the
  Environment and Water Resources, Substance fact
  sheets, emitted substance fact sheets, Oct.
  2007.
• 17 ICAO Committee on Aviation Environmental
  Protection, Aircraft Engine Emissions Human
  and Environmental Issues Safety Regulation,
  ICAO engine characteristics database on CAA.UK,
  Oct. 2009.
• 18 International Civil Aviation Organization
  Air Transport Bureau (ATB), ATB ATB Sections,
  Aircraft Engine Emissions, n/a.
• 19 Chang, Hu, Lai, Li, Scott, and Tyan, Mode
  S An Air Traffic Control Data-Link Technology,
  web.mit.edu, Dec. 2000
• 20 National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  (NAAQS) Air and Radiation US EPA.
• 21 ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank,
  First Edition 1995, ICAO, Doc 9646- AN/943.
  05-Feb-2009 Issue 16A

34
Questions?
35
BACKUP SLIDES
36
Model Details

• ENGINE IDENTIFICATION CFM56-7B28/2
• RATED OUTPUT (kN) 121.44

21 ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank,
First Edition 1995, ICAO, Doc 9646- AN/943.
05-Feb-2009 Issue 16A
37
Sheri Box

• Inputs and outputs with a big ass transfer
  function

38
Model Details
21 ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Databank,
First Edition 1995, ICAO, Doc 9646- AN/943.
05-Feb-2009 Issue 16A
39
Model Details
y 0.1762x3 0.0593x2 0.9837x 0.0485
40
Model DetailsFuel Flow
Fuel Flow (kg/s)
Max
41
Time Management
42
Sound Sensors

• Drawbacks
• You would have to have many sensors in many
  different places
• You would have have to do a lot of calculations
  for weather
• NIRS is plug and chug for weather data, vs.
  developing a similar system for sound sensors

43
Operational Scenario

• O.S.1
• As the noise sensor detects an airplane, the
  sound intensity is relayed to the pollution
  estimation system. Inside the pollution
  estimation system, the airplanes ID and engine
  information are being used by a thrust estimating
  function inside NIRS. The thrust estimation is
  then relayed to another internal function of
  NIRS the noise estimation function. The NIRS
  output of the noise estimate of the plane at the
  same coordinates as the sound sensor is then
  entered along with the sound sensor data into an
  error computation function. This internal
  function compares the two sets of data and
  produces an error corrected thrust estimate,
  which in turn augments the noise estimate by
  providing a more accurate depiction of the point
  output. This is then entered into the output
  creation function that computes the compliance
  attainment criteria and produces the
  attainment/non-attainment verdict of a pollution
  output estimate of the plane at different times
  and location coordinates.

44
FFBD
45
4.0 Estimate PollutionFFBD
46
Physical Context Hierarchy
47
N-PACT Physical Hierarchy
48
Originating RequirementsContd.

• System Wide/Technology Requirements
• The system shall use NIRS to calculate thrust and
  sound estimation
• The system shall be Operational 99 of the time
  NIRS is operational (due to its dependence on
  NIRS)
• The system shall have a minimum 6 months MTBF
• The system shall use software that is easily
  "used" by any user
• The system shall adhere to all local and Federal
  laws and regulations
• Qualification Requirements
• Each subsystem shall be tested individually to
  verify standards are met
• The system shall be tested via simulation
• The system shall be tested for no less than 20
  aircraft
• The system shall be tested in "normal" weather
  conditions to determine a control ("normal" to be
  defined)
• Trade Off Requirements
• Performance tradeoffs shall be determined using
  measures in the objectives hierarchy

49
Scope
_at_ 3000 ft 0.002 ppm
Consideration of Air Quality Impacts By Airplane
Operations at or Above 3000 feet AGL, September
2000
50
SCHEDULINGPERT (needs updating)