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Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T' Wright

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Economic Categories Based on Per Capita Gross National Income (see Fig. 5-4) ... 600 million new jobs will need to be created for new entrants into the workforce ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T' Wright


1
Environmental Science Toward a Sustainable
Future Richard T. Wright
Chapter 5
  • The Human Population Dimensions
  • PPT by Clark E. Adams

2
Human Population Growth and the Consequences
  • Human population expansion and its cause
  • Different worlds
  • Consequences of population growth and affluence
  • Dynamics of population growth

3
Human Population Expansion and Its Cause
  • Reasons for the patterns of growth
  • Biotic potential exceeds environmental
    resistance birth rates exceed death rates
  • There are 6.3 billion people on Earth
  • If each one stood up, pronounced their name, and
    sat down
  • It would take 600 years to complete roll call
  • By 2025 it will take 1,000 years to complete this
    exercise

4
World Population over the Centuries
9,000 human beings added to the planet every hour
5
Reasons for the Human Population Explosion
  • Causes of disease recognized
  • Improvements in nutrition
  • Discovery of antibiotics
  • Improvements in medicine
  • Increase in number of women who actually reach
    child-bearing age
  • Short doubling times in some countries

6
Changing Human Survivorship Curves Went from B
to A
A
Survival
B
Age
Birth
Death
7
World Population Growth and Absolute Growth
8
Population Projections Based on Different
Fertility Assumptions
9
Average Number of Children, Grandchildren, and
Great Grandchildren
  • America
  • West Germany
  • Africa
  • 14
  • 5
  • 258

10
Different Worlds
  • Rich nations, poor nations
  • Population growth in rich and poor nations
  • Different populations, different problems

11
Human Poverty Index for Developing Countries
12
Economic Categories Based on Per Capita Gross
National Income (see Fig. 5-4)
  • High-income, highly developed, industrialized
    countries
  • United States, Japan, Canada
  • Average GNI per capita 26,710
  • Middle-income, moderately developed countries
  • Latin America, South Africa, China
  • Average GNI per capita 1,850

13
Economic Categories Based on Per Capita Gross
National Income (see Fig. 5-4)
  • Low-income, developing countries
  • Western and central Africa, India, central Asia
  • Average GNI per capita 430

14
Disparities
  • Developed countries
  • 16 of the worlds population
  • Control 81 of the worlds wealth
  • Low-income developing countries
  • 41 of the worlds population
  • Control 3.4 of the worlds gross national income
  • Difference in per capita income 62 to 1!

15
Population Increase in Developed and Developing
Countries
16
Population Data for Selected Countries (Table 5-3)
17
Different Populations, Different Problems
  • Human pressure on the environment caused by three
    factors
  • Population size
  • Affluence
  • Technology

18
Ecological Footprints by World Region
  • The average American places at least 20 times the
    demand on Earths resources as does an average
    person in Bangladesh

Fig. 5.7 here
19
Global Conditions for a Sustainable Population
  • Lower fertility rates (stabilize population)
  • Consumption must decrease
  • Protect the environment (stewardly action must
    increase)

20
Consequences of Population Growth and Affluence
  • The developing countries
  • Affluence

21
Developing or Developed Nations?
  • High fertility rates
  • High consumptive lifestyles use 80 of worlds
    wealth
  • Intense poverty
  • Eat high on the food chain

22
Developing or Developed Nations?
  • Long doubling times
  • High environmental degradation
  • Twenty percent of the worlds population

23
Basic Human Needs
  • Drinkable Water
  • Edible Food
  • Safe Housing
  • Health Care
  • An Education
  • A Job

24
The Developing Countries
  • Reform the system of land ownership
  • Intensify cultivation of existing land to
    increase production per unit area
  • Open new land to farm
  • Move to cities and seek employment
  • Engage in illicit activities for income
  • Move to other countries

How do these solutions aggravate the problems?
25
Growing Cities
26
Consequences of Exploding Populations in the
Developing World
27
Consequences of Exploding Populations
deforestation resource depletion loss of
agricultural land biodiversity disease pest
resistance population migration irrigation wetland
s
MORE
More Population Causes
LESS
28
Affluence in the United States
  • Consume the largest share of 11 of 20 major
    commodities
  • Eat more than three times the global average in
    meat
  • Lead the world in paper consumption
  • Environment improves with increasing affluence

29
Affluence in the United States
  • Enables wealthy to clean up immediate environment
    by transferring waste to more distant locations.
  • Affluent isolate themselves and unaware of the
    environmental stresses caused by their
    consumptive lifestyles.

30
Dynamics of Population Growth
  • Population profiles
  • Future populations
  • Population momentum
  • The demographic transition

31
Population Profiles of the United States
32
(No Transcript)
33
Population Profile for United States
Note increasing elderly population.
34
Future World Populations
35
Future United States Populations
36
Projecting Future Populations Developed Countries
37
Population Projections Developing Nations
38
Comparing Projected Populations (see Fig. 5-17)
Fertility Rate lt 2
Fertility Rate gt 2
39
Population Momentum
  • Countries like Iraq will continue to grow for
    5060 years even after the total fertility rate
    is reduced to replacement level.

40
The Demographic Transition
41
Calculating Fertility Rates and Doubling Times
(CBR CDR)/10 Rate of increase or decrease in
population per 1,000 per year
70/Rate of Increase Doubling Time
42
Calculating Fertility Rates and Doubling Times
Practice (see Table 5-5)
43
Demographic Transition Comparisons
44
By the Year 2000
  • 65 out of 117 countries will not be able to feed
    their own people
  • One billion people will be living in cities that
    cannot support its inhabitants
  • 400 million more women will be in need of child
    spacing services

45
By the Year 2000 (continued)
  • 600 million new jobs will need to be created for
    new entrants into the workforce
  • We will need twice as much fresh water
  • 300 million additional children will need
    teachers, books, and classrooms

46
End of Chapter 5
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