Kingdom Monera Prokaryotae

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Kingdom Monera(Prokaryotae)
Archaebacteria, Mycobacteria, Mycoplasmas

• Group 1-
• Jesse, Drew, Mike, Ryan, Evan

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Archaebacteria

• Methanogens
• Thermoacidophiles
• Extreme Halophiles

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Chemical Structure
Often found growing in extreme environments,
also have a semi-rigid cell wall but it is
composed of chemicals distinct from peptidoglycan
such as protein or pseudomurein. Composition
The Bacteria, or eubacteria, have a cell wall
containing a semirigid, tightknit molecular
complex called peptidoglycan.
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Shapes and Morphologies
Archaea are tiny, usually less than one micron
long (one one-thousandth of a millimeter). Even
under a high-power light microscope, the largest
archaeans look like tiny dots. Fortunately, the
electron microscope can magnify even these tiny
microbes enough to distinguish their physical
features. You might think that organisms so
small would not have much variety of shape or
form, but in fact archaeal shapes are quite
diverse. Some are spherical, a form known as
coccus, and these may be perfectly round or lobed
and lumpy. Some are rod-shaped, a form known as
bacillus, and range from short bar-shaped rods to
long slender hair-like forms. Some oddball
species have been discovered with a triangular
shape, or even a square shape like a postage
stamp!
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Mode of Nutrition
Obtain their energy by making their own Food from
SUNLIGHT OR MINERALS which is the basis of
photosynthesis.
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Modes of Movement
They use FLAGELLA, WHIPLIKE STRUCTURES, FOR
MOVEMENT, gliding over slime they secrete. These
are usually used to move bacteria cells through
water.
Close up of the flagellum of Spirilla volutans
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Unique Characteristics
Archaebacteria live in habitats that are notable
for their extreme environmental conditions.
Regions of high salinty are often populated with
halobacteria. These archaebacteria are also found
in low oxygen environments as well as high
temperature and low or high pH regions.
Thermoacidophiles are microorganisms that can
survive in high temperature and highly acidic
conditions. Methanogens belong to this group and
are capable of producing methane. Three main
characteristics that separate the Eubacteria from
the Archaebacteria are 1) the Archaebacteria do
not have peptidoglycan in their cellular makeup
2) the nucletide sequences in ribosmoal RNA
differ and 3) the type of lipids in the plasma
membrane also differ significantly.
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Ecological, Medical pathogenic importance

• Because they have enzymes that can function at
  high temperatures, considerable effort is being
  made to exploit the archaea for commercial
  processes such as providing
• enzymes to be added to detergents (maintain their
  activity at high temperatures and pH)
• an enzyme to covert corn starch into dextrins.
• Archaea may also be enlisted to aid in cleaning
  up contaminated sites, e.g., petroleum spills.

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Mycobacteria
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Chemical Structure

• Are unusual in their cell wall because they
  contain a large amount of lipids
• Gram-Negative
• They have a waxy layer on their cell wall

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Chemical Structure
Lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a major cell wall
component of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, exhibits
a wide spectrum of immunoregulatory effects. To
identify cytokines produced by human PBMC in
response to LAM, we used PCR amplification to
detect cytokine mRNA. LAM-induced transcription
of mRNA for cytokines characteristically produced
by macrophages, including TNF, granulocyte-macroph
age-CSF, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and
IL-10. In contrast, LAM did not induce
transcription of mRNA for cytokines produced
predominantly by lymphocytes, such as
lymphotoxin, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, or IL-4.
Measurement of concentrations of TNF,
granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-
gamma, IL-2, and IL-4 in cell culture
supernatants indicated that cytokine release
correlated with mRNA patterns. Lipomannan (LM)
and phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIM) are
simpler versions of LAM. LM lacks arabinan,
whereas PIM lacks both arabinan and most mannan
residues. LAM, LM, and PIM induced transcription
of cytokine mRNA, elicited cytokine production,
and suppressed Ag-induced T cell proliferation,
indicating that most of the biologic activity of
LAM was associated with the phosphatidylinositol
end of the molecule. In support of this
conclusion, deacylation of LAM abrogated its
capacity to induce cytokine production and
suppress Ag-induced proliferation. The production
of macrophage-derived cytokines induced by LAM
may mediate clinical manifestations of
tuberculosis such as fever, weight loss, and
tissue necrosis, as well as immunoregulatory
effects such as inhibition of Ag-induced
proliferation and hyperglobulinemia.
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Shapes and Morphologies
Mycobacteria have emerged as a major threat to
humankind, for as many as ... spherical
morphology (B) compared to the elongated rod
shape morphology
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a fairly large
nonmotile rod-shaped bacterium distantly related
to the Actinomycetes. Many non pathogenic
mycobacteria are components of the normal flora
of humans, found most often in dry and oily
locales. The rods are 2-4 um in length and
0.2-0.5 um in width.
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Mode of Nutrition
Due to the fact that they have a waxy cell layer
makes them grow at a very slow rate which
inhibits the cell from getting enough nutrients
to grow at a faster rate. Mycobacteria eat the
anterior vertebral surface and major/minor spinal
deformaties.
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Modes of Movement
Slime bacteria move with a gliding mechanism and
are common in soils, on rotting materials, and in
animal dung.
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Unique Characteristics
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an obligate aerobe.
For this reason, in the classic case of
tuberculosis, the M.TB. complexes are always
found in the well-aerated upper lobes of the
lungs. The bacterium is a facultative
intracellular parasite, usually of macrophages,
and has a slow generation time, 15-20 hours, a
physiological characteristic that may contribute
to its virulence. Two media are used to grow
M.TB. Middlebrook's medium which is an agar based
medium and Lowenstein-Jensen medium which is an
egg based medium. M.TB. colonies are small and
buff colored when grown on either medium. Both
types of media contain inhibitors to keep
contaminants from out-growing M.TB. It takes 4-6
weeks to get visual colonies on either type of
media.
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Ecological, Medical pathogenic importance
Historically, bacteria have been the cause of
some of the most deadly diseases and widespread
epidemics of human civilization. Although
smallpox and malaria, diseases caused by other
microbes, may have killed more humans than
bacterial diseases, bacterial diseases such as
tuberculosis, typhus, plague, diphtheria, typhoid
fever, cholera, dysentery, and pneumonia have
taken a mighty toll on humanity. Water
purification, immunization (vaccination) and
modern antibiotic treatment continue to reduce
the morbidity and the mortality of bacterial
disease in the Twenty-first Century, at least in
the developed world where these are acceptable
cultural practices. However, many new bacterial
pathogens have been recognized in the past 25
years and many "old" bacterial pathogens, such as
Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, have emerged with new forms of
virulence and new patterns of resistance to
antimicrobial agents.
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Ecological, Medical pathogenic importance
How does an individual acquire atypical
Mycobacterial infections? Most infections with
these organisms are believed to arise from
environmental exposure to organisms in infected
water, soil, dust, or aerosols.
Person-to-person and animal-to-animal
transmission of atypical mycobacteria is not an
important factor in acquisition of infection
with these organisms. How is disease caused by
atypical mycobacteria treated? Treatment is
based on results of laboratory testing that will
identify an effective antibiotic for treatment.
Preventive treatment of close contacts of person
with disease caused by atypical mycobacterium is
not indicated.
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Mycoplasmas
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Chemical Structure
The cell membrane of Mycoplasma penetrans lipid
composition and phospholipase A1 activity. Only
bacteria not to have a cell wall.
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Shapes and Morphologies
shape of Mycoplasma capricolum is a simple rod
and that the bacterium divides by binary fission.
The morphology of mycoplasma colonies is often
likened to a "fried-egg" because they form a
dense central core, which penetrates downward
into the agar, surrounded by a circular spreading
area that is lighter in color.
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Mode of Nutrition
Due to their degraded genome, and inability to
perform basic functions, Mycoplasma rely on their
host for much of their nutrition therefore they
are parasitic.
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Modes of Movement
As mycoplasmas move by gliding motility, and its
duplication is thought to precede cell division
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Unique Characteristics
These are the smallest living cells ever
discovered, and are believed to have the minimum
amount of DNA needed to code for a functioning
cell.

• The general characteristics of Mycoplasma species
  include the following
• Prokaryotic
• Size of 150-250 nm
• Lack of a cell wall
• Sterol-containing cell membrane
• Fastidious growth requirements
• Fried-egg or mulberry colonies on agar
• Mycoplasma species differ from viruses in the
  following ways
• They grow on cell-free media in vitro.
• They contain both RNA and DNA.
• They have both intracellular and extracellular
  parasitism in vivo.
• Mycoplasma species differ from bacteria
  (including L-forms) in the following ways
• They have sterols in the cell membrane.
• They share no DNA homology with known bacteria.
• They have low guanine levels plus cytosine
  content.
• Their genome has a low molecular weight.
• They exhibit no reversion to walled forms.

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Ecological, Medical pathogenic importance
The fundamental importance of mycoplasmas in
specific diseases of humans, animals, insects,
and plants is irrefutable, and their unique
biological properties are consistent with their
intimate association with host target cells.
These remarkable bacteria must continue to
receive the scientific attention of
mycoplasmologists, cell culturists, clinicians,
immunologists, and DNA sequencers who most
recently are compiling extensive databases that
may eventually dissect every approachable
mycoplasmal element that defines their biological
and genetic being. Nonetheless, mycoplasmas
remain mysterious and enigmatic, and the
available data and proposed hypotheses that
correlate mycoplasmas with disease pathogenesis
range from definitive, provocative, and
titillating to inconclusive, confusing, and
heretical. Controversy seems to be a recurrent
companion of mycoplasmas, yet good science and
openmindedness should overcome the legacy that
has burdened them for decades.
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Common features among Archaea