The Independence of Spanish America

1
The Independence of Spanish America

• The Napoleonic Crisis in Europe
• San Martín and the Southern Independence Movement
• Bolívar and the Northern Independence Movement
• The Independence of New Spain

2
The Napoleonic Crisis in Europe and its Aftermath

• Criollos, Peninsulares, Bourbon Reforms, and the
  Enlightenment
• 1795 Spain allies with Napoleon
• Portugal and the Continental System
• The abdication of Charles IV
• Liberals and Royalists in the Americas
• 1810 The Cortes of Cádiz
• The Constitution of 1812
• 1814 The Restoration of Ferdinand VII
• Revocation of the Constitution
• Attempts to rein in American juntas
• 1820 Mutiny of Major Riego y Núñez

3
The Americas After the Bourbon Reforms (map)
4
San Martín and the Southern Independence Movement

• 1806 British take Buenos Aires
• Viceroy unable to repel
• Criollos take matters into their own hands
• May 1810 the Cabildo Abierto
• Buenos Aires vs. the Provinces
• Uruguay, Paraguay, and Upper Peru
• San Martín, OHiggins, and Chile
• Tupac Amaru The Reticence of the Peruvian Elite
  
• Also Indians

5
Latin American Independence (map)
6
Bolívar and the Northern Independence Movement

• Comuneros, St. Domingue, and Criollo Fears
• 1810 Liberal Junta in New Granada
• 1811 formal break with Spain
• 1812 Liberals under Bolívar defeated
• 1813 guerra a muerte
• 1815 1816 Bolívar defeated again (and again)

7
Bolívar and the Northern Independence Movement
(cont.)

• The Liberalism of the Liberators
• 1817 Independence Movements Revitalized
• 1819 Fall of Bogotá
• 1819 Congress of Angostura, Gran Colombia
• 1821 Liberation of Venezuela and New Granada
• 1822 Campaign in Ecuador and Perú
• Meeting with San Martín in Guayaquil
• 1824 Battle of Ayacucho
• Antonio José de Sucre

8
The Independence of New Spain

• Viceregal Government in Mexico puts down liberal
  juntas.
• Salon Conspiracy in Dolores
• Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
• Grito de Dolores
• My children a new dispensation comes to us
  today. Will you receive it? Will you free
  yourselves? Will you recover the lands stolen
  three hundred years ago from you forefathers by
  the hated Spaniards? We must act at once. Will
  you not defend your religion and your rights as
  true patriots? Long live our Lady of Guadalupe!
  Death to bad government! Death to gachupines!
• Virgen de Guadalupe as the symbol of the rebellion

9
The Independence of New Spain (cont)

• Guanajuato and the Alhondiga massacre
• Gente de Razón support Royalists
• Hidalgo mob abandons México and loses Battle of
  Calderón on Jan. 18, 1811
• March 1811 Hidalgo and other leaders captured.
• July 31 Hidalgo defrocked and executed
• Rebellion becomes guerilla war led by José María
  Morelos y Pavón
• 1813 Declaration of Independence and Republican
  Constitution at Chilpancingo (Indians vs.
  Spaniards)
• Morelos caught, defrocked and shot Dec. 22, 1815

10
Mexican Independence (map)
11
The Independence of New Spain (cont)

• Restoration of Ferdinand VII reinforces status
  quo in México until 1820
• Riego rebellion causes conservative backlash
• Agustín de Iturbide becomes leader of the
  Royalists but negotiates with rebel leader
  Vincente Guererro
• Plan de Iguala and the Three Guarantees
• Constitutional Monarchy
• Supremacy of Roman Catholic Church
• Equality of Peninsulares and Criollos

12
The Independence of New Spain (cont)

• August 24, 1821 ODonojú signs Treaty of Córdoba
  recognizing Independence of México
• Crown repudiates
• Iturbide becomes Emperor