UNLOCK THE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY

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UNLOCKTHE MYSTERIES TO AIR QUALITY

• Bernadette Dupont, FHWA-KY
• June 2007

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6 Keys to Understanding Air Quality

• Pollution
• Congress Clean Air Act
• Federal Air Agency (EPA)
• State Air Agency (KYDAQ)
• State Department of Transportation (KYTC)
• Federal Funding Sources

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1st Key to Understanding POLLUTION

• 3 Sources
• Stationary
• Area
• Mobile
• On-Road
• Off-Road

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1st Key to Understanding POLLUTION
Stationary Sources
Fixed facilities such as Factories Power
Plants Chemical Process Industries Petroleum
Refineries
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1st Key to Understanding POLLUTION Area
Sources

• Small Stationary, Non-transportation Sources such
  as
• Dry Cleaners
• Bakeries
• Surface Coating Operations
• Home Furnaces
• Crop Burning

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1st Key to Understanding POLLUTION
Mobile Sources On-Road

• On-Road Vehicles such as
• Cars
• Trucks
• Buses

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1st Key to Understanding POLLUTION Mobile
Source Off-Road
Trains
Ships and Boats
Airplanes Lawnmowers Construction Equipment
Farm Equipment
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2nd Key to Understanding CONGRESS

• CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA) 1990
• Identified actions necessary to REDUCE emissions
  from on-road sources
• Transportation Conformity Rule 1993-Revised
  March, 2006

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3rd Key to Understanding ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY

• Sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  (NAAQS)
• Mandated to review NAAQS every 5 years

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3rd Key to Understanding EPAPollution
Standards

• Primary Standard
• Public Health (children, elderly, asthmatics)
• Secondary Standard
• Public Welfare
• Soils, Water, Crops,Vegetation
• Buildings, Property
• Animals, Wildlife
• Weather, Visibility
• Transportation

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3rd Key to Understanding EPANational Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

• Transportation Related Pollutants include
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Particulate Matter
• PM 10
• PM 2.5
• Ground Level Ozone (becomes Smog)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)

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3rd Key to Understanding EPA

• Particulate Matter

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3rd Key to Understanding EPA
Fine Particles Reduce Visibility
Chicago - Summer 2000.Clear Day PM 2.5 µg/m3
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3rd Key to Understanding EPA
Fine Particles Reduce Visibility

• Chicago - Summer 2000.
• Hazy Day PM 2.5 35 µg/m3

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3rd Key to Understanding EPA
Fine Particles Reduce Visibility
Atlanta
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3rd Key to Understanding EPA PM2.5 Designations

• Boone
• Boyd
• Bullitt
• Campbell
• Jefferson
• Kenton
• Lawrence (p)

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3rd Key to Understanding EPAOZONE Ingredients
Sunlight Heat VOC NOx Ozone
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3rd Key to Understanding EPAOZONE The Good,
The Bad, and The Ugly

• Good Ozone
• ozone layer
• screens out harmful
• UV rays
• Bad Ozone
• smog/haze
• harmful to elderly,children, people at risk
• Ugly
• designations

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3rd Key to Understanding EPAAir Quality
Classifications

• Attainment
• Has NEVER violated the NAAQS
• Non-Attainment
• Is in violation of the NAAQS
• Maintenance
• Has violated the NAAQS BUT has once again
  attained the NAAQS
• Has a maintenance plan

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3rd Key to Understanding EPA8-hour Ozone
Standard

• 4th highest reading in an 8-hr period
• Use three most recent years of data
• Average those reading
• Average .084 ppm violation of standard

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3rd Key to Understanding EPA 8-hr Ozone
Designations

• Boone
• Boyd
• Bullitt
• Campbell
• Christian
• Jefferson
• Kenton
• Oldham

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4th Key to UnderstandingSTATE AIR AGENCY

• Kentucky Environmental and Public Protection
  Cabinets Division for Air Quality (DAQ)
• Develops State Implementation Plan (SIP)
• Set Emission Budgets for each maintenance area

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4th Key to Understanding DAQState
Implementation Plan (SIP)

• States HOW the state will meet NAAQS for each
  pollutant
• Performs a Regional Analysis on each county
• Sets Emission Budgets for each type of pollutant
• Each Pollution Source is assigned an emission
  reduction target

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4th Key to Understanding DAQExample Emission
Budgets
Pollution is measured in TONS PER DAY!!!
Christian County
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5th Key to UnderstandingSTATE DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION

• Responsible for
• Transportation Planning
• Coordination of Metropolitan Planning
• Organizations (MPOs)
• Building Transportation Projects
• NOT exceeding the On-Road Motor Vehicle
  Emissions Budgets (MVEB)

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5th Key to Understanding KYTCConformity Process

• Clean Air Act (CAA) and SAFETEA-LU require
• Non-Attainment and Maintenance Areas
  integrate transportation and air quality
  planning.
• Transportation Conformity Rule (8/15/97)
• Transportation Conformity Rule Revision (7/1/04)
• Transportation Conformity Rule Revision for PM2.5
  (5/6/05)

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5th Key to Understanding KYTCConformity
Process and NAAQS

• Uses Key Documents to ensure that transportation
  projects meet air quality goals
• An area that meets the requirements is in
  CONFORMITY
• Projects can then be approved for federal funding

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5th Key to Understanding KYTCMetropolitan
Planning Organizations (MPO)

• Federal Surface Transportation Assistance Act of
  1973
• Populations 50,000 must have an MPO
• Populations 200,000 are called Transportation
  Management Areas (TMA)
• Consists of representatives from Local
  Governments and Transportation Authorities

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5th Key to Understanding KYTCKentuckys MPOs

• Ashland Area MPO (ASH)
• Bowling Green Area MPO (BWG)
• Cincinnati Area MPO (CIN)
• Clarksville Area MPO (CLK)
• Evansville Area MPO (EVN)
• Lexington Area MPO (LEX)
• Louisville Area MPO (LOU)
• Owensboro Area MPO (OWN)
• Radcliffe/Elizabethtown MPO (REZ)

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Metropolitan Planning Organizations
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5th Key to Understanding KYTCMPOs Core
Functions

• Establish a fair and impartial setting to make
  regional decisions
• Evaluate transportation alternatives
• Involve the Public
• Participate in Air Quality Planning
• AND

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5th Key to Understanding KYTCMPOs Core
Functions

• Develop and Update 4 Key Documents
• Unified Planning Work Program (UPWP)
• Public Participation Plan (PPP)
• Transportation Plan (TP)
• Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

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5th Key to Understanding KYTCImportance of
Key Documents

• TP
• Future Goals, Strategies and Projects
• Updated every 5 years in attainment areas/ every
  4 years in non-attainment and maintenance
• Projected Emissions must be less than those
  identified in SIP
• Otherwise, there is a LAPSE and projects will not
  receive federal funding.
• TIP
• Transportation Investments
• Updated every 4 years

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5th Key to Understanding KYTCRural Areas

• KYTC Develops the
• State Transportation Plan (STP)
• State Transportation Improvement Program (STIP)
• Projected Emissions must be less than those
  identified in SIP
• Otherwise, there is a LAPSE and projects are not
  receive Federal funding.

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Area Development Districts (ADDs)
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6th Key to Understanding FEDERAL FUNDING
SOURCES

• US Department of Transportation
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
• Federal Transit Administration (FTA)
• Flex Funding
• EPA Programs
• US Department of Energy
• State Funding
• Local Funding

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6th Key to Understanding FundingFEDERAL
HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION (FHWA)

• Provides financial assistance to State and MPOs
  to help reduce mobile emissions
• CMAQ

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6th Key to Understanding FundingCongestion
Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program
(CMAQ)

• FHWA Program started in 1991
• Funding for Non-attainment and Maintenance areas
• Based on severity of Pollution and Population

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6th Key to Understanding FHWA CMAQ Projects

• FHWA funding is for projects that
• reduce congestion and/or improve air quality
• Transit Improvements
• Shared-Ride Services
• Traffic Flow Improvements
• Pedestrian and Bicycle Programs
• Construction of High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV)
  lanes
• Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs
• Transportation Demand Strategies

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6th Key to Understanding FundingFEDERAL
TRANSIT ADMINISTRATION (FTA)

• Provides funding for
• Transit projects
• Fixed Rail Transit
• Rail Modernization
• Buses and Bus Facilities
• Other Public Transit Projects

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6th Key to Understanding FHWAFlex Funding

• Surface Transportation Program (STP) in
  SAFETEA-LU
• Transit
• Transportation Demand Management
• Other Strategies that reduce emissions

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CONCLUSION

• 6 Keys to Understanding Air Quality
• Pollution
• Congress
• Federal Air Agency (EPA)
• State Air Agency (KYDAQ)
• State Department of Transportation (KYTC)
• Federal Funding Sources
• Transportation Conformity is Critical to
  receiving Transportation Funds