THE BRAIN

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THE BRAIN

• Controlling the body,
• behavior, and personality

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The Brain

• Made of 100 billion nerve cells
• Uses 20 of all our oxygen
• Uses most of the sugar that we eat
• Requires 20 watts of electricity to operate
• Without sugar and oxygen, the brain will die in 6
  minutes!

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Parts of the Brain

• The Cerebral Hemispheres
• Four lobes
• The Lower Brain
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Cerebellum
• Limbic System
• Reticular Activating System

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Cerebral Hemispheres

• Looks like compressed macaroni
• If spread out, would be the size of a large bath
  towel
• Controls high level thought
• Our brain reasoning power exceeds that of a
  stadium full of computers

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Cerebral Hemispheres

• Two halves (called hemispheres)
• Divided by a fissure (depression)
• Connected by a bundle of fibers called the Corpus
  Callosum
• Divided into four major lobes

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Lobes Frontal Lobe

• Front of skull
• Self-awareness
• Planning, decision-making, remembering memories
• Frontal association area the core of
  personality determines how we feel and respond
  to the environment

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Damage to the Frontal Lobe

• Affects/changes personality
• Affects the ability to interpret what is
  happening in environment
• Example
• No fear when somebody loads gun, cocks trigger,
  and aims it at head
• Cannot put these events together to realize threat

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Motor Strip Sensory Strip

• Motor Strip (in frontal lobe) Controls movement
  of all parts of the body
• When stimulated during surgery, different parts
  of the body will move
• Sensory Strip (in parietal lobe) allows body
  parts to feel sensation

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Parietal Lobe

• Important in interpreting sensation
• Touch
• Smell
• Vision
• Hearing
• Important in body
• orientation

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Occipital Lobe

• Back of the brain
• Makes sense of visual images
• Seeing stars is due to an impact to the
  occipital lobe

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Temporal Lobe

• Looks like the thumb of a
• boxing glove
• Major center for hearing
• Overlaps with other lobes to control language and
  speech
• One small area controls the ability to create
  sentences damage to this area results in
  jumbled speech

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Corpus Callosum

• Controls communication between hemispheres
• Severing the corpus callosum will affect
  interaction between hemispheres

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Hemispheres and Handedness

• Hand dominance fine motor control
• Right-handed 90 (left brain dominant)
• Left-handed 10 (right brain dominant)

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Handedness and Brain Dominance

• Dominance is determined during development not
  inherited
• Most are left-brained. In lefties, dominance
  shifts from the left brain to the right
• Ambidextrous both hands equally dominant. Comes
  from incomplete shift

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Reports

• Left-brain/Right brain behavior

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Tasks of the Hemispheres

• Left Brain Speech, language, logical thinking,
  writing right-hand dominance
• Right Brain Spatial reasoning, art, music,
  emotions, some math reasoning left-hand
  dominance

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Lower Brain

• Regulates basic
• body functions
• Five parts
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Cerebellum
• Limbic System
• Reticular Activating System

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Thalamus

• Relay station
• Sends body signals to correct part of the brain,
  and brain signals to the correct part of the body

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Hypothalamus

• Size of a pea
• Controls rage, pleasure, hunger, thirst, sexual
  desire

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Limbic System

• Regulates basic emotion and memory
• Two important parts
• Amygdala emotion aggression
• Hippocampus forms memories

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Cerebellum

• Controls balance and coordination
• Cerebellum very developed in athletes

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Reticular Activating System

• At the base of the brain inside the spinal cord
• Controls alertness by sensing activity level of
  the body
• Blow to the RAS causes overload of signals
  results in unconciousness

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Glands and Hormones

• Pituitary Gland regulates other glands and
  controls height
• Thyroid gland controls metabolism and mood
• Adrenal gland physiological response to
  excitement adrenaline (fight or flight)
• Gonads sex hormones
• Androgen male hormone (maleness sex drive)
• Estrogen female hormone

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Higher level thinking skills

• Rebus puzzles require both hemispheres to solve
• Head over heels

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• Horsing around Eye chart
• Sitting on top of the world
• Youre under arrest

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• Right after me One in a million
• Time after time Ice cube

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• Calm before the storm banana split
• Tennis shoes Torn in half

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• Play in the yard One way or the other
• Too big to ignore hitting below the belt

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• Foreign language neon lights
• Whose in charge Im bigger than you

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Reports

• Phineas Gage

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Phineas Gage
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Phineas Gage

• Railroad worker in 1840
• Iron bar impaled his frontal lobe and frontal
  association area
• Consequences of injury
• Major changes to personality
• Before normal and pleasant
• After profane, undressed and urinated in public,
  aggressive with explosive temper

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Reports

• Split Brain Subjects

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Examples of Split Brain Deficit

• Woman shown picture of a nude woman
• Woman blushed and became nervous, but couldnt
  explain why
• Man shown a picture of spoon with right eye only
  (left brain). He could say spoon
• He was shown a picture of spoon to left eye only
  (right brain). He couldnt say what he had seen,
  but could pick it up.

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Reports

• Hemispheres and handedness

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Reports

• Left-brain Right-brain behavior

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Reports

• Creativity

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